Chapter 3-Kindom Fungi and Chlorophyta and Charales of Kingdom Viridiplantae

Question 1

T/F Alternation of Generations Life Cycle is haplodiplontic.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Are fungi eukaryotic?

Answer 2

yes (few are unicellular e.g. yeasts)

Question 3

T/F Fungi are composed of filamentous strands of cells.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What is an individual filamentous strand called?

Answer 4

hypha

Question 5

What is the pleural name of hypha?

Answer 5

hyphae

Question 6

What divides cell walls into separate cells in the cytoplasm?

Answer 6

septate

Question 7

What is it called when the cytoplasm is not divided into separate cells?

Answer 7

aseptate or nonseptate

Question 8

What is a mass of hyphae called?

Answer 8

mycelium

Question 9

Are fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic?

Answer 9

heterotrophic

Question 10

What is absorptive extracellular digestion?

Answer 10

they secrete enzymes, digest organic matter extracellularly, and absorb the digested nutrients

Question 11

What are the 3 forms of heterotrophic metabolism of fungi?

Answer 11

saprophytic, parasitic, and mutualistic

Question 12

What do saprophytic organisms do?

Answer 12

obtain nutrients from dead decaying matter and are thus important decomposers

Question 13

What do parasitic organisms do?

Answer 13

live on or in a host which is a form of symbiosis which is the close living together of two or more dissimilar organisms

Question 14

What is an example of a parasitic organism?

Answer 14

athlete’s foot, plant pathogens

Question 15

What is mutualism

Answer 15

living together of 2 organisms both of which benefit

Question 16

What do mycorrhizae do?

Answer 16

a fungus lives associated with the roots of a plant; fungus receives carbohydrates and the plants get nutrients

Question 17

What does a lichen do?

Answer 17

association between a fungus and an alga or a fungus and a cyanobacterium

Question 18

What does the cell wall of a fungus contain?

Answer 18

chitin

Question 19

What type of reproduction do fungi participate in?

Answer 19

asexual, sexual, or both

Question 20

What are spores?

Answer 20

specialized cells that are produced and released into the air (if a spore lands where conditions are right it can grow into a new hypha or fungus)

Question 21

What types of reproduction involve spores?

Answer 21

asexual

Question 22

What is budding?

Answer 22

one cell divides into two cells, with one cell larger than the other aka baltic cell formation

Question 23

What is fragmentation?

Answer 23

piece of hyphae breaks off and forms a new individual

Question 24

What is a hypha?

Answer 24

a long filamentous tube with cytoplasm and many nuclei enclosed by a cell wall

Question 25

What happens in asexual reproduction?

Answer 25

the mycelium produces spores that disperse into the atmosphere, spreading everywhere; spores are called mitospores because produced by mitosis; mitospore will germinate to produce a hypha that will grow to form a mycelium

Question 26

What happens in sexual reproduction?

Answer 26

two mycelia meet (+ and - hyphae encounter each other)

Question 27

What is plasmogamy?

Answer 27

cytoplasms of 2 gametes combine and fuse into one cell with 2 nuclei (called a dikaryote and not yet diploid)

Question 28

What is karyogamy?

Answer 28

nuclei combine and form a diploid zygote, only diploid state in most fungi

Question 29

How are haploid spores formed?

Answer 29

meiosis

Question 30

What are some important things that fungi do?

Answer 30

yeast used to make beer, break making, flavor of Roquefort cheese, antibiotics (penicillin)

Question 31

How are fungal groups distinguished?

Answer 31

form of reproduction

Question 32

What are the 5 phyla of Fungi?

Answer 32

Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Basidiomycota, ad Asomycota

Question 33

What is the Phylum Zygomycota commonly called?

Answer 33

bread molds

Question 34

What are some characteristics of the Phylum Zygomycota?

Answer 34

saprophytic, produce zygospores, hyphae are septette, no cell walls producing distinct cells, asexual reproduction through production of spores in sporangia, zygospores produced in sexual reproduction

Question 35

What type of spores belong in Zygomycota?

Answer 35

zygospores

Question 36

What is a sporangia/sporangium?

Answer 36

container holding spores

Question 37

What are fungi in Phylum Ascomycota commonly called?

Answer 37

sac fungi because of sac-like reproductive structures

Question 38

What do sac fungi include?

Answer 38

yeasts, cup fungi, morels, and truffles

Question 39

What are characteristics of Ascomycota?

Answer 39

asexual reproduction involves separation of spores or conidia form end of hyphae called conidiophores; sexual reproduction occurs on the surface of an ascocarp

Question 40

What is an ascus?

Answer 40

sac containing ascospores

Question 41

What is the singular name for ascus?

Answer 41

asci

Question 42

What does a slide of Penicillium look like?

Answer 42

chains of conidia (spores) and are purple in color

Question 43

What kind of fungi belong to the Phylum Basidiomycota? What are some examples?

Answer 43

club fungi (include mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, and shelf fungi)

Question 44

Where is the mycelium located on the fungus?

Answer 44

in soil or other substrate; mushroom or other reproductive structure (basidiocarp) appears outside the substrate

Question 45

What is a ring of basidiocarps called?

Answer 45

fairy ring

Question 46

What is the life cycle of Basidiomycota?

Answer 46

sexual reproduction occurs in basidiocarp (visible part of organism), occurs on surface of gills where basidia produce basiospores

Question 47

How many basidiospores are produced?

Answer 47

4

Question 48

Name the 3 parts of the basidiocarp.

Answer 48

cap (pileus), stalk, and gills

Question 49

T/F A basiospore will germinate and produce a hypha.

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What type of relationship is between an ascomycete and either a cyanobacteria or a green algae?

Answer 50

mutualistic relationship

Question 51

What are the 3 growth forms of lichens?

Answer 51

crustose, foliose, and fruticose

Question 52

Where do crustose lichens live?

Answer 52

surface of rocks

Question 53

Where do foliose lichens live?

Answer 53

leaf-like and look like somewhat flat sheets

Question 54

Where do fruticose lichens live?

Answer 54

3-D like with upright stalks

Question 55

Is reproduction asexual or sexual for lichens?

Answer 55

both

Question 56

What happens in asexual reprod. for lichens?

Answer 56

stress-resistant packets of fungal and algal cells or simply pieces of tissue are released

Question 57

What happens in sexual reprod. for lichens?

Answer 57

fungus reproduces by producing an ascocarp, alga does not sexually reproduce in the lichen

Question 58

Why are lichens called pioneer species?

Answer 58

colonize new bare rock habitat, first to inhabit an area after a landslide or glacier

Question 59

What are characteristics of Chlorophytes (clade of Green Algae)?

Answer 59

live in fresh water, salt water, soil, trunks of trees, and snow; life cycles include haplontic, diplontic, and haplodiplontic; chlorophylls are a, b, and carotenoids; energy storage includes starch; cell wall is cellulose-based

Question 60

What are characteristics of the genus Chlamydomonas?

Answer 60

unicellular, motile, large cup-shaped chloroplast, eyespot, 2 flagella cause rapid movement, asexual reprod. is by mitosis, life cycle is haplontic, sexual reprod. cells serve as gametes and fuse to form a zygote which undergoes meiosis producing 4 cells

Question 61

What are characteristics of the genus Chlorella?

Answer 61

non-motile, unicellular green algae, found in fresh and salt water and in soil

Question 62

What are characteristics of Volvox?

Answer 62

colonial green algae

Question 63

What are characteristics of Ulothrix?

Answer 63

filamentous green alga, holdfast anchors to substrate inits lake and cold-water stream habitats, band-shaped chloroplasts are distinctive in appearance

Question 64

What are characteristics of Ulva?

Answer 64

aka sea lettuce, multicellular, lives in temperate zone intertidal habitats, flat thallus (blade) and holdfast, haplodiplontic

Question 65

What 2 forms in 2 generations of life cycle are there?

Answer 65

sporophyte and gametophyte

Question 66

What are characteristics of Charophytes (Clade of Green Algae)?

Answer 66

chlorophylls a and b, starch, and cellulose; aquatic representatives (one line within the clade appears to be the closest extant relatives of land plants)