Chapter 5-Gymnosperms (Kingdom Viridiplantae)

Question 1

What do gymnosperms have instead of pores?

Answer 1

seeds

Question 2

What did early gymnosperms develop?

Answer 2

several adaptations to terrestrial life and were able to become dominant over seedless vascular groups

Question 3

T/F Gymnosperms reached their highest numbers and diversity between 230-65 mya.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Which form is dominant in gymnosperms?

Answer 4

sporophyte

Question 5

What are some advantages to having seeds instead of pores?

Answer 5

better protected, multicellular, reserve for growth, increases survival during germination

Question 6

Seeds are naked in gymnosperms. What does this mean?

Answer 6

lies on surface of a structure (scale) as opposed to being within a structure as in an angiosperm

Question 7

T/F Gymnosperms are vascular.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What surrounds a seed?

Answer 8

seed coat

Question 9

What does a seed contain?

Answer 9

seed contains an embryonic sporophyte and food

Question 10

T/F The seed of a gymnosperm is naked or exposed.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What does it mean when a seed is naked in a gymnosperm?

Answer 11

lies on surface of a structure (scale) as opposed to being within a structure

Question 12

What is the seed used for?

Answer 12

dispersal

Question 13

What are some advantages of seeds over spores?

Answer 13

seeds are multicellular, increases survival during germination

Question 14

T/F A seed can germinate more deeply in the soil obtaining water from deeper soil layers.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What is pollen?

Answer 15

male gametophyte aka microgamete carries sperm to female plant

Question 16

What does the pollen tube do?

Answer 16

carries sperm to egg

Question 17

What is the female gametophyte retained and nurtured by?

Answer 17

sporophyte

Question 18

What are the vessels that gymnosperms evolved?

Answer 18

efficient type of xylem conducting cell than those found in seedless vascular plants

Question 19

What feature did gymnosperms evolve that produce wood?

Answer 19

vascular cambium

Question 20

What type of life cycle do gymnosperms participate in?

Answer 20

heterosporous

Question 21

What are pollen-producing cones called?

Answer 21

strobili

Question 22

What do strobili produce?

Answer 22

microspores

Question 23

What do microspores produce?

Answer 23

male gametophytes

Question 24

What are seed-producing cones called?

Answer 24

strobili

Question 25

What do the seed-producing cones produce?

Answer 25

ovules

Question 26

What does a megaspore produce?

Answer 26

female gametophyte

Question 27

What does the female gametophyte produce?

Answer 27

one to few archegonia each with an egg

Question 28

What does fertilization result in?

Answer 28

embryonic sporophyte that develops inside a seed

Question 29

What does an ovule develop into?

Answer 29

seed

Question 30

What are the 4 phyla of gymnosperms?

Answer 30

Cycadophyta, Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta

Question 31

Where do cycads live?

Answer 31

tropical and subtropical regions

Question 32

Are cycads monoecious or dioecious?

Answer 32

dioecious

Question 33

Are the sperm flagellated in cycads?

Answer 33

yes, but not used for swimming

Question 34

What is so unique about Ginkgo biloba?

Answer 34

known as a "living fossil", has not changed much in 150 mya

Question 35

What are some characteristics of leaves in Ginkgo biloba?

Answer 35

bilobed fan-shaped, deciduous, and dichotomously veined leaves

Question 36

Are gingko biloba dioecious or monoecious?

Answer 36

dioecious

Question 37

What is unique about gingko biloba and the sexes?

Answer 37

females are smelly and undesirable

Question 38

Do gingko biloba have flagellated sperm?

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

Which phylum are the most abundant group of trees on earth?

Answer 39

Coniferophyta

Question 40

What are the 3 types of leaves in Coniferophyta?

Answer 40

needle-like, scale-like, and awl-like

Question 41

How can leaves be attached?

Answer 41

singly or in groups called fascicles

Question 42

Why do some evergreen have "sunken" stomata located in small depression on the surface of the leaf?

Answer 42

help reduce water loss in both winter and summer

Question 43

What is growth in height called?

Answer 43

primary growth

Question 44

What is growth in girth called?

Answer 44

secondar growth

Question 45

How is girth increased?

Answer 45

accumulation of wood (xylem)

Question 46

What is the life cycle in Coniferophyta?

Answer 46

alternation of generations

Question 47

What is the dominant sporophyte?

Answer 47

tree

Question 48

What does monoecious mean?

Answer 48

pollen-producing and seed-producing cones on same tree

Question 49

What are some ways that conifers are important economically?

Answer 49

75% of world's lumbar comes from them, used to make paper, eat "pine nuts" (seeds), use trees for Christmas, flavor gin with juniper seed-producing cones, extract turpentine and varnish, use rosin on stringed instrument bows

Question 50

What are some characteristics of Gnetophytes?

Answer 50

70 species, xylem contains vessels (otherwise only found in angiosperms), found in topical and temperate regions, Ephedra aka Mormon tea used as diet aid and banned now

Question 51

What is the common name and phylum of Ephedra?

Answer 51

Mormon tea, Gnetophyta

Question 52

Characteristics of Ephedra?

Answer 52

photosynthetic stem, nodes for leaves (2), contains ephedrine

Question 53

What is the common name and phylum of Gingko biloba?

Answer 53

Ginkgo, Ginkgophyta

Question 54

Characteristics of Ginkgo biloba?

Answer 54

225 mya, females smell of rancid butter, dioecious, leaves erupt at spurs, deciduous

Question 55

What is the common name and phylum of Pinus sp.?

Answer 55

Austrian pine, Coniferophyta

Question 56

Characteristics of Pinus sp.?

Answer 56

2 needles/fascicle (180 degrees), shorter needles, cones are a little smaller

Question 57

What is the common name and phylum of Pinus ponderosa?

Answer 57

Ponderosa pine, Coniferophyta

Question 58

Characteristics of Pinus ponderosa?

Answer 58

3 needles/fascicle (360 degrees), longest needles, bark smells like butterscotch, native, important for lumber

Question 59

What is the common name and phylum of Picea pungens?

Answer 59

Colorado blue spruce, Coniferophyta

Question 60

Characteristics of Picea pungens?

Answer 60

monoecious, square-sharp-singly attached-short-spruce, female cones at top, male cones small at bottom (produce pollen to form sperm), keeps from self fertilization, stiffer needles

Question 61

What is the common name and phylum of Picea abies?

Answer 61

Norway spruce, Coniferophyta

Question 62

Characteristics of Picea abies?

Answer 62

short-spruce-sharp-square, needles are singly attached, droopy branches, has female (largest) and male cones, from Europe

Question 63

What is the common name and phylum of Picea sp.?

Answer 63

Engelman spruce, Coniferophyta

Question 64

Characteristics of Picea sp.?

Answer 64

smallest of cones, needles are a little softer, native

Question 65

What is the common name and phylum of Pseudotsuga menziesii?

Answer 65

Douglas-fir, Coniferophyta

Question 66

Characteristics of Pseudotsuga menziesii?

Answer 66

used for wood, false fir, used for Christmas trees

Question 67

What is the common name and phylum of Laris sp.?

Answer 67

Larch, tamarack, Coniferophyta

Question 68

Characteristics of Laris sp.?

Answer 68

deciduous, looks like evergreen, sheds needles

Question 69

What is the common name and phylum of Taxus sp.?

Answer 69

Yew, Coniferophyta

Question 70

Characteristics of Taxus sp.?

Answer 70

dioecious, toxic, makes cancer drug, male has tiny buds/cones, female has red cones/fleshy and immature are green, red cones are small and poisonous, taxol (cancer)

Question 71

What is the common name and phylum of Juniperus sp.?

Answer 71

Juniper, Coniferophyta

Question 72

Characteristics of Juniperus sp.?

Answer 72

dioecious, stringy bark, scale-like leaves that rotate radially, male has spots/buds at ends (small cones-yellow, at tips), female have blue berry-like cones, scale-like leaves, blue coating used to flavor gin

Question 73

What is the common name and phylum of Thuja sp.?

Answer 73

Arbor-vitae, Coniferophyta

Question 74

Characteristics of Thuja sp.?

Answer 74

scale-like leaves with flat branches, male cones at tips of leaf and have brown tips, female cones are inside

Question 75

What is the common name and phylum of Sequoiadendron giganteum?

Answer 75

Giant sequoia, big tree, Coniferophyta

Question 76

Characteristics of Sequoiadendron giganteum?

Answer 76

huge, grow for 100s of years, awl-like leaves, pokes radially around axis

Question 77

What is the abies sp.?

Answer 77

true fir with flat needles