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Chapter 1: L1&2 Flashcards

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1
Q

A ___is a condition that deteriorates the normal functioning of
the cells, tissues, and organs.

A

disease

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2
Q

Any dangerous divergence from a functional or normal state of an
entity

A

disease

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3
Q

___is defined as any condition that impairs the normal functioning of
an organism, leading to symptoms and signs that disrupt health and
homeostasis

A

disease

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4
Q

causes of disease (4)

A

genetic abnormalities,
infections,
environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.

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5
Q

Classification of Disease (2)

A

infectious or non infectious

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6
Q

Types of Diseases (7)+1medical condition

A

Genetic
* Degenerative
* Metabolic
* Autoimmune
* Neoplastic Diseases
* Infectious
* Deficiency

Disorders

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7
Q

Mechanisms of Disease Development (7)

A
  • Genetic Mutations:
  • Pathogen Invasion:
  • Immune System Dysregulation:
  • Cellular Stress and Damage:
  • Metabolic Imbalances:
  • Environmental and Lifestyle Factors:
  • Epigenetic Changes:
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8
Q

Importance of Studying
Disease Biology (4)

A
  • Identify risk factors and early indicators of diseases.
  • Develop targeted therapies and effective vaccines.
  • Implement preventive measures to control disease spread.
  • Understand emerging health threats and adapt public health
    policies accordingly
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9
Q

____is a vital branch of microbiology that
focuses on the study of viruses and virus-like
agents, including their structure, classification,
evolution, and the ways they infect and exploit
host organisms for replication

A

Virology

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10
Q

is a microscopic, infectious microbe that
contains nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and is
surrounded by a protein coat.

A

virus

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11
Q

Characteristic of a Virus (7)

A
  • Acellular Structure
  • Obligate Intracellular Parasites
  • Simple Composition
  • Genome Variability
  • Lack of Metabolism
  • Host Specificity
  • Mutation and Evolution
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12
Q

Anatomy of a Virus (5)

A

-envelope protein
-envelope
-Viral genome
-nucleocapsid
-viral tegument

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13
Q

Classification of Virus
based on Capsid
Structure (4)

A

-Icosahedral Viruses
-Helical Viruses
-Complex Viruses
-Enveloped Viruses

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14
Q

These have a spherical
appearance with 20 triangular
faces.

A

Icosahedral Viruses

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15
Q

Icosahedral Viruses examples and what they cause (2)

A

Adenoviruses (respiratory infections),
and
Poliovirus
(poliomyelitis)

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16
Q

These have rod-shaped or
filamentous structures with the
genome coiled inside a helical
capsid.

A

Helical Viruses

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17
Q

Helical Viruses examples (3)

A

Tobacco mosaic virus–
Influenza
– Rabies

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18
Q

Complex Viruses examples and what they cause (2)

A

Bacteriophages (viruses that
infect bacteria)
Poxviruses (e.g., Variola
virus that causes smallpox)

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19
Q

These viruses have irregular shapes, often combining icosahedral and helical
features, along with additional structures

A

Complex Viruses

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20
Q

These viruses possess a lipid
envelope surrounding their
capsid.

A

Enveloped
Viruses

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21
Q

the envelope of enveloped viruses is derived from the
____.

A

host cell membrane

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22
Q

Enveloped Viruses examples and what they cause (2)

A

HIV (causes AIDS)
Herpes Simplex Virus
(causes cold sores)

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23
Q

Baltimore Classification of
Virus (7)

Study These Flashcards
A

-Group I: Double stranded DNA
viruses;
-Group II: single-stranded DNA
viruses
-Group III: double stranded RNA
viruses
-Group IV: Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
-Group V: Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
-Group VI: RNA reverse-transcribing viruses
-Group VII: DNA reverse-transcribing viruses

24
Q

viruses contain double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) as their genome. Their mRNA is produced by transcription in much the same way as with
cellular DNA

Study These Flashcards
A

Group I: Double-stranded DNA
viruses

25
Group I virus examples (4)
Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Poxviridae and Papoviridae.
26
viruses have single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as their genome.
Group II: single stranded DNA viruses
27
These viruses convert their single-stranded genomes into a dsDNA intermediate (replicative intermediates) before transcription to mRNA can occur.
Group II: single stranded DNA viruses
28
Group II virus examples (3)
Anelloviridae, Parvoviridae Circoviridae,
29
viruses use dsRNA as their genome.
Group III : double-stranded RNA viruses
30
viruses in which their strands separate, and one of them is used as a template for the generation of mRNA using the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase encoded by the virus
Group III : double-stranded RNA viruses
31
Group III virus examples (2)
Rheoviridae and Birnaviridae
32
viruses have ssRNA as their genome with a positive polarity.
Group IV: Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
33
means that the genomic RNA can serve directly as mRNA
Positive polarity
34
Group IV virus examples (4)
Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Astroviridae, and Picornaviridae.
35
viruses contain ssRNA genomes with a negative polarity, meaning that their sequence is complementary to the mRNA
Group V: Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
36
Group V virus examples (4)
Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Filoviridae and Rhabodviridae
37
Viruses have diploid (two copies) ssRNA genomes that must be converted
Group VI: RNA reverse-transcribing viruses
38
explain the process of Group VI: RNA reverse-transcribing viruses (3)
-diploid (two copies) ssRNA genomes converted to dsDNA, using the enzyme reverse transcriptase -dsDNA is then transported to the nucleus of the host cell and inserted into the host genome. -mRNA can be produced by transcription of the viral DNA that was integrated into the host genome.
39
Group VI virus examples (3)
Retroviridae, Metaviridae and Pseudoviridae
40
viruses have partial dsDNA genomes and make ssRNA intermediates that act as mRNA, but are also converted back into dsDNA genomes by reverse transcriptase, necessary for genome replication.
Group VII: DNA reverse-transcribing viruses
41
Group VII virus example
Hepadnaviridae
42
Viral Life Cyle (2)
Lytic Lysogenic
43
____ involves the viral replication that leads to the destruction (lysis) of the host cell. It is a more immediate and aggressive form of viral replication.
lytic cycle
44
typically results in the death of the host cell and a rapid spread of the virus
lytic cycle
45
Steps of Lytic Cycle (6)
1.Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Uncoating 4. Biosynthesis 5. Assembly 6. Release
46
does not immediately destroy the host cell. * Instead, the viral genome integrates into the host cell’s DNA and remains dormant for a period, allowing the virus to replicate passively as the host cell divides
lysogenic cycle
47
allows viruses to remain undetected for extended periods, and it can be advantageous for the virus, as it can persist in a population without killing the host immediately
lysogenic cycle
48
steps in lysogenic cycle (8)
1. Adsorption 2. Penetration 3. Integration 4. Replication 5. Induction 6. Synthesis 7. Assembly 8. Release
49
examples of viruses that undergo lytic cycle (3)
T4 Bacteriophage, Influenza virus, and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1)
50
examples of viruses that undergo lysogenic cycle (4)
Lambda Phage (λ Phage), HIV, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1 and HSV 2), and Varicella Zoster Virus
51
Virus Invasion Mechanism in the Host Body (5)
Receptor Binding Membrane Fusion Endocytosis Genome Integration Immune Evasion
52
viral invasion mechanism: Viruses attach to specific receptors on the host cell surface. (provide example/s)
Receptor Binding: (e.g., HIV binds to CD4 receptors on T-cells)
53
viral invasion mechanism: Enveloped viruses fuse their lipid envelope with the host membrane (provide example/s)
Membrane Fusion: Influenza virus
54
viral invasion mechanism: Non-enveloped viruses enter cells by tricking them into engulfing the virus (provide example/s)
Endocytosis; e.g., Adenoviruses)
55
viral invasion mechanism: integrate their genome into the host DNA for replication. (provide example/s)
Genome Integration; Retroviruses, like HIV
56
viral invasion mechanism: Viruses can evade immune responses by antigenic variation, hiding in immune-privileged sites, or producing proteins that inhibit immune signaling (provide example/s)
Immune Evasion; e.g., Epstein-Barr Virus)

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