Chapter 1 (Part 1)

Question 1

The term cell is derived from the Latin ____, meaning “storeroom” or “chamber.”

Answer 1

cella

Question 2

Plants growth and development is largely reliant on the availability of the basic requirements for their photoautotrophic life which includes the ___, ____, ___, and ____

Answer 2

light, water, minerals and carbon dioxide.

Question 3

__ and ___occurs within their body as organic molecules are synthesized or broken down in an enzyme-catalyzed chemical processes.

Answer 3

Endergonic and exergonic energy exchange

Question 4

is the branch of science that deals with plant functions
encompassing plant growth, metabolism and reproduction

Answer 4

Plant Physiology

Question 5

____ unravels the relationships and interactions among various plant processes that underlie plant response, as a whole, to its growth environment

Answer 5

Plant physiology

Question 6

____ at the cellular, tissue and organ levels govern plat functions

Answer 6

Plant structures

Question 7

is the study of the macroscopic arrangements of cells and tissues
within organs,

Answer 7

Plant anatomy

Question 8

is the study of the organelles and other small
components that make up each cell.

Answer 8

plant cell biology

Question 9

two categories of seed plants

Answer 9

Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

Question 10

Gymnosperms= __ seed
Angiosperms= ___ seed

Answer 10

Gymnosperms= naked seed
Angiosperms= vessel seed

Question 11

___ are the less advanced type; about 700 species are known

Answer 11

Gymnosperms;

Question 12

The largest group of gymnosperms is the ____ (“cone-bearers”)

Answer 12

conifers

Question 13

___, the more advanced type of seed plant, dominate the landscape today

Answer 13

Angiosperms

Question 14

The major innovation of the angiosperms is the ___; hence
they are referred to as ___

Answer 14

flower; flowering plants.

Question 15

The vegetative body of plant is composed of three organs:

Answer 15

leaf, stem, root

Question 16

primary function of each organ:

leaf:
stem:
root:

Answer 16

leaf: photosynthesis
stem: support
root: anchorage and absorption of water and minerals

Question 17

Leaves are attached to the stem at ___, and the region of the stem between two nodes is termed the ___.

Answer 17

nodes; internode

Question 18

The stem together with its leaves is commonly referred to as the ___.

Answer 18

shoot

Question 19

___ system of the plant serve as the aerial photosynthetic part while the ___ system serves as the main absorptive and anchorage
system of the higher terrestrial plant

Answer 19

Shoot; root

Question 20

A leaf is made up of a number of tissues that include the (3)

Answer 20

epidermis, the mesophyll
layer, and the vascular tissue.

Question 21

Leaves main function for photosynthesis happens mainly on the ____

Answer 21

mesophyll layer

Question 22

The mesophyll layer is separated into the packed upper ground tissues known as the ____ and the loosely arranged lower ground tissue called the ____

Answer 22

palisade layer;
spongy layer.

Question 23

The ___ and___ shape of palisade cells allows them to
contain more chloroplasts (___% chloroplasts per palisade cell)

Answer 23

elongated and cylindrical ; 70%

Question 24

___ cells, though some level of photosynthesis occurs in their layer, are not well suited for photosynthesis processes because they do not receive enough sunlight

Answer 24

spongy

Question 25

higher terrestrial plants also contain three main plant tissues:

Answer 25

dermal tissue, vascular tissue, and ground tissue.

Question 26

▪ commonly referred to as the “skin” of plants ▪ it covers and protects the leaves, stem and roots

Answer 26

Dermal tissues

Question 27

▪ plant’s first line of defense against physical injury and infectious organisms ▪ aid in gaseous exchange between plants and their environment

Answer 27

Dermal tissue

Question 28

2 examples/kinds of dermal tissues

Answer 28

epidermis periderm

Question 29

cells are often flattened, tile-like, usually transparent, lack chlorophyll and coated by waxy substance

Answer 29

epidermis

Question 30

the waxy substance in epidermis is called ___which is made up of cutin and wax (helps in water retention)

Answer 30

cuticle

Question 31

complex plant tissue and the outermost layer of cells in all plant organs ▪ in direct contact with the environment therefore, it is subjected to environmental conditions and constraints ▪ important for increasing the absorptive surface area in root hairs

Answer 31

epidermis

Question 32

specialized cells found in epidermis (3)

Answer 32

guard cells, trichomes, root hairs

Question 33

– unique epidermal because they are of a different shape and contain chloroplasts; cells surround the stomata

Answer 33

Guard cells

Question 34

– epidermal outgrowths that differ in form in different plants; help regulate heat and water balance of leaves

Answer 34

Trichomes or Epidermal hairs

Question 35

– located near the tips of roots; help absorb water and minerals from soil; increase absorptive area of roots

Answer 35

Root hairs

Question 36

▪ made of semi-rectangular and boxlike cork cells ▪ outermost layer of bark and dead at maturity ▪ replaces epidermis in stems and roots undergoing secondary growth

Answer 36

periderm

Question 37

three basic function of ground tissues:

Answer 37

storage, basic metabolism and support

Question 38

types of ground tissues (3)

Answer 38

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Question 39

most abundant type of cells in plants and found in in almost all major parts of higher plants; comprise most of the edible portions of fruit

Answer 39

Parenchyma

Question 40

have thin walls (only primary walls), large vacuoles (which contains various secretions such as __, ___, ___ and ___) and spherical in shape

Answer 40

parenchyma; starch, oils, tannins and crystals

Question 41

basic functions that occur in parenchyma (3)

Answer 41

food and water storage; photosynthesis; water movement and food transportation

Question 42

parenchyma cells that have many chloroplasts, found in leaves

Answer 42

chlorenchyma

Question 43

- some groups of parenchyma cells that are loosely packed together with connected air spaces.

Answer 43

Aerenchyma tissue

Question 44

which among the ground tissues is dead at maturity?

Answer 44

sclerenchyma

Question 45

typically elongated and have unevenly thickened, nonlignified primary walls and lack secondary walls

Answer 45

Collenchyma

Question 46

provide support in the growing region of plants, forming strands or continuous cylinders beneath the dermal tissue of stems and leaf stalk and along veins in leaves, especially in nonwoody plants

Answer 46

Collenchyma

Question 47

rigid, thick and with lignified, non-stretchable secondary walls; ▪ found in any or all parts of the primary and secondary plant bodies

Answer 47

Sclerenchyma

Question 48

secondary walls of Sclerenchyma are usually impregnated with a complex polysaccharide called ___

Answer 48

lignin

Question 49

mainly support and strength to plant parts

Answer 49

sclerenchyma

Question 50

classification of sclerenchyma (2)

Answer 50

Sclereids; Fibers

Question 51

– variable in shapes and often branched, relatively short compared to the other; found singly or in small groups throughout the ground tissue

Answer 51

Sclereids

Question 52

can be found in seed coats of many seeds, shells of nuts, stone (endocarp) of stone fruits (olives, peaches, cherries) and gritty texture of pears

Answer 52

sclereids

Question 53

– long and slender cells as strands or bundle

Answer 53

Fibers

Question 54

specialized tissues that transport water and dissolved solutes

Answer 54

Vascular tissues

Question 55

two kinds of vascular tissues

Answer 55

xylem and phloem

Question 56

main water-conducting tissue in plants

Answer 56

xylem

Question 57

vascular tissues: made of dead cells at maturity= composed of “still-living” cells=

Answer 57

Xylem; Phloem

Question 58

conducting cells in xylem

Answer 58

Xylary elements –

Question 59

elements of xylem (2)

Answer 59

tracheids; vessel element

Question 60

– functions for strength and conduction with pitted cell walls; only type of water-conducting cells in most seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms

Answer 60

Tracheids

Question 61

– mostly are barrel-shaped; perforated; relatively shorter and wider and serve chiefly for conduction

Answer 61

Vessel Elements

Question 62

perforation plates at the end walls where the vessel elements joined end-to-end to form long, continuous columns known as ___

Answer 62

vessels

Question 63

Principal food-conducting tissue ▪ conducts dissolved organic materials from leaves to other plant parts

Answer 63

Phloem

Question 64

dissolved organic materials that the phloem conducts (8)

Answer 64

sugar from photosynthesis, lipids, amino acids, micronutrients, hormones, floral stimulus (florigen), proteins and RNAs

Question 65

chief function of Phloem is ___

Answer 65

conduction

Question 66

– conducting elements of phloem

Answer 66

Sieve elements

Question 67

2 types of sieve elements

Answer 67

sieve cells; sieve tubes

Question 68

– long, narrow with tapered, overlapping ends; occur mostly in nonflowering plants (gymnosperms)

Answer 68

Sieve cells

Question 69

This sieve element is shorter and wider; vertically elongated rows of cylindrical cells with perforated end walls (___); have living protoplasts at maturity; occur in angiosperms

Answer 69

Sieve tubes ; sieve plate

Question 70

– parenchyma cells associated with sieve tubes which help regulate the loading and unloading of carbohydrates

Answer 70

Companion cells

Question 71

The two adjacent primary walls, along with the middle lamella, form a composite structure called the ____

Answer 71

compound middle lamella.