Chapter 1 (Part 2)

Question 1

also called “plasmalemma”
▪ allows the cell to take up and retain certain substances while excluding others

Answer 1

plasma membrane

Question 2

various _____ embedded in the plasma membrane are responsible for this
selective traffic of solutes across the membrane

Answer 2

transport proteins

Question 3

delimit the boundaries of the specialized internal organelles of the cell and regulate the fluxes of ions and metabolites into and out of these compartments

Answer 3

Plasma Membrane

Question 4

____ - class of lipids in which two fatty acids are covalently linked to
___, which is covalently linked to a ___ group; consequently, phospholipid
molecules display both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties (i.e., they are
____)

Answer 4

phospholipids;
glycerol; phosphate;
amphipathic

Question 5

fatty acids:

contains no double bonds= __
has one or more cis double bonds=___

Answer 5

saturated;
unsaturated

Question 6

cis double bonds creates a ___in the chain that prevents tight packing
of the phospholipids in the bilayer; as a result, the ___of the membrane is
increased

Answer 6

kink;
fluidity

Question 7

proteins associated with the lipid bilayer are of three types

Answer 7

integral
peripheral
anchored

Question 8

____ - span the entire width of the phospholipid bilayer, so one part of the protein interacts with the ___ of the cell,
another part interacts with the ____ of the membrane, and a third part
interacts with the interior of the cell, the ____

Answer 8

integral proteins;
outside;
hydrophobic core;
cytosol

Question 9

____- bound to
the membrane surface by noncovalent bonds, such as ionic bonds or hydrogen bonds, and can be dissociated from the membrane

Answer 9

peripheral proteins

Question 10

break ionic bonds=
break hydrogen bonds=

Answer 10

high salt solutions;
chaotropic agents

Question 11

____ - bound to the membrane surface via lipid molecules, to which they are ___attached.

Answer 11

anchored proteins;
covalently

Question 12

the organelle that contains the genetic information primarily responsible for regulating
the metabolism, growth, and differentiation of the cell

Answer 12

nucleus

Question 13

collectively, genes and their intervening sequences are referred to as the ____

Answer 13

nuclear genome

Question 14

double membrane surrounding the nucleus

Answer 14

nuclear envelope

Question 15

space between the two
membranes of the nuclear envelope is called the ____

Answer 15

perinuclear space

Question 16

the two membranes of the nuclear envelope join at sites called _____

Answer 16

nuclear pores

Question 17

nuclear “___”
is actually an elaborate structure composed of more than a hundred different proteins
arranged ____ to form a nuclear pore complex; central “plug” of the complex
acts as an _____ that facilitates the movement of
macromolecules and ribosomal subunits both into and out of the nucleus

Answer 17

pore; octagonally;
active (ATP-driven) transporter;

Question 18

______- specific amino acid sequence; is required for a protein to gain entry into the nucleus

Answer 18

nuclear localization signal

Question 19

DNA-protein complex is collectively known as ____

Answer 19

chromatin

Question 20

___- densely granular region; site of ribosome synthesis

Answer 20

nucleolus

Question 21

____– sites of protein synthesis

Answer 21

ribosomes

Question 22

elaborate network of internal membranes

Answer 22

ER

Question 23

membranes of the ER are typical lipid bilayers with interspersed ____and
____proteins; these membranes form flattened or tubular sacs known as
_____

Answer 23

integral and peripheral;
cisternae

Question 24

____ - covered with ribosomes that are actively engaged in protein
synthesis; tends to be _____(a flat sheet composed of two-unit
membranes)

Answer 24

Rough ER;
lamellar

Question 25

____ - ER tends to be ___; major site of lipid synthesis and membrane assembly

Answer 25

Smooth ER; tubular

Question 26

Proteins and Polysaccharides for Secretion Are Processed in the ___

Answer 26

Golgi Apparatus

Question 27

dynamic structure consisting of one or more stacks of three to ten flattened membrane sacs, or cisternae, and an irregular network of tubules and vesicles called the ___

Answer 27

Golgi Apparatus; trans Golgi network (TGN)

Question 28

each individual stack in golgi complex is called a ____

Answer 28

Golgi body or dictyosome

Question 29

plays a key role in the synthesis and secretion of complex polysaccharides (polymers composed of different types of sugars) and in the assembly of the oligosaccharide side chains of glycoproteins

Answer 29

golgi apparatus

Question 30

plays an important role in cell wall formation; non-cellulosic cell wall polysaccharides (____ and ____) are synthesized, and a variety of glycoproteins, including ____glycoproteins, are processed within this organelle

Answer 30

Golgi apparatus; hemicellulose and pectin; hydroxyproline-rich

Question 31

____ - derived from the Golgi carry the polysaccharides and glycoproteins to the plasma membrane, where the vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and empty their contents into the region of the cell wall

Answer 31

secretory vesicles

Question 32

may either be smooth or have a protein coat

Answer 32

secretory vesicles

Question 33

mature living plant cells contain large, water-filled ___; can occupy ___% of the total volume of the cell

Answer 33

central vacuoles; 80 to 90 %

Question 34

each vacuole is surrounded by a vacuolar membrane or ___

Answer 34

tonoplast

Question 35

in ____, vacuoles are less prominent, though they are always present as small ____ (produced by ____)

Answer 35

meristematic tissue; provacuoles; trans Golgi network

Question 36

contains water and dissolved inorganic ions, organic acids, sugars, enzymes, and a variety of secondary metabolites; often play roles in plant defense

Answer 36

vacuoles

Question 37

the ____generated by water uptake provides the structural rigidity needed to keep herbaceous plants upright, since they lack the lignified support tissues of woody plants

Answer 37

turgor pressure

Question 38

____ – specialized protein-storing vacuoles; abundant in seeds

Answer 38

protein bodies

Question 39

during ___the storage proteins in the protein bodies are hydrolyzed to ___ and exported to the ___for use in protein synthesis

Answer 39

germination ; amino acids; cytosol

Question 40

____ – storage of hydrolytic enzymes; fuse with the protein bodies to initiate the breakdown process

Answer 40

lytic vacuoles

Question 41

typical plant cell has two types of energy-producing organelles;

Answer 41

mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 42

cellular sites of respiration, a process in which the energy released from sugar metabolism is used for the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate (Pi)

Answer 42

Mitochondria

Question 43

vary in shape from spherical to tubular, but they all have a smooth outer membrane and a highly convoluted inner membrane

Answer 43

Mitochondria

Question 44

___– infoldings of the inner membrane

Answer 44

cristae

Question 45

_____ – compartment enclosed by the inner membrane; contains the enzymes of the pathway of intermediary metabolism called the ___

Answer 45

mitochondrial matrix; Krebs cycle

Question 46

group of double membrane-enclosed organelles that contains materials commonly associated with pigments and organic molecules

Answer 46

Plastids

Question 47

different types of plastids

Answer 47

Chromoplast Leucoplast Chloroplast

Question 48

_____– lack chlorophyll but contain carotenoids; they are responsible for the yellow, orange, and red colors of some flowers and fruits, although their precise function in cell metabolism is not clear

Answer 48

Chromoplast

Question 49

___– nonpigmented plastids, which store a variety of energy sources in non-photosynthetic tissues

Answer 49

Leucoplast

Question 50

3 types of Leucoplast

Answer 50

Amyloplast Elaioplasts Proteinoplasts

Question 51

– a type of leucoplast that stores starch

Answer 51

Amyloplasts

Question 52

– a type of leucoplast that stores lipids

Answer 52

Elaioplasts

Question 53

– a type of leucoplast that contain crystalline bodies of proteins

Answer 53

Proteinoplasts

Question 54

___- major site of photosynthesis and lipid synthesis which contains the green pigment known as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b on its membranes

Answer 54

Chloroplast

Question 55

chloroplasts contain a three-membrane system

Answer 55

outer membrane; inner membrane; thylakoids

Question 56

outer membrane – contains ___= freely permeable to small molecules

Answer 56

porins

Question 57

– impermeable to ions and metabolites = restricts the passage of molecules between the cytosol and the interior organelle

Answer 57

inner membrane (chloroplast)

Question 58

_____ - central importance in chloroplasts, where it fills the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in electron transport and the chemiosmotic generation of ATP

Answer 58

thylakoid membrane

Question 59

three membranes divide chloroplasts into three distinct internal compartments:

Answer 59

intermembrane space stroma thylakoid lumen

Question 60

_____-between the two membranes of the chloroplast envelope

Answer 60

intermembrane space

Question 61

lies inside the envelope but outside the thylakoid membrane

Answer 61

stroma

Question 62

– stack of thylakoids form

Answer 62

granum

Question 63

adjacent grana are connected by unstacked membranes called ____

Answer 63

stroma lamellae

Question 64

proteins and pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) that function in the photochemical events of photosynthesis are embedded in the _____

Answer 64

thylakoid membrane

Question 65

– fluid compartment surrounding the thylakoids

Answer 65

stroma