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PSYC-151-01 > Chapter 1: Psychopathology in Historical Context > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Psychopathology in Historical Context Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

a psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is atypical or not expected culturally

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2
Q

Psychological dysfunction

A

breakdown of cognitive, behavioural, or emotional processing

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3
Q

Distress/Impairment

A

if a person is extremely upset OR if it impairs their ability to function in normal/everyday life

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4
Q

Atypical/Not Culturally Expected

A

can be culturally defined, could be out of a person’s control

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5
Q

DSM-5 Definiton

A

behavioural, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected (in cultural contexts) and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning OR ↑d risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment

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6
Q

Psychopathology

A

the study of psychological disorders

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7
Q

Psychiatrists

A

earn an MD, residency 3-4 years, investigating the nature of disorder and focus on biological aspects but offer psychosocial treatments as well

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8
Q

Scientist Practitioners (3 things!)

A
  1. Keep up with the latest developments in the field
  2. Evaluating their own procedures to see if they work
  3. Perform research that produces new information in the field
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9
Q

Presenting problem

A

why a person has visited the clinic

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10
Q

Prevalence

A

how many people in the general population have this disorder

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11
Q

Incidence

A

the amount of new cases in a given period

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12
Q

Typical Age of Onset

A

when a disorder manifests in a measurable way

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13
Q

Prognosis

A

anticipated course of a disorder; good or guarded

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14
Q

Course

A

pattern of a disorder in an individual; chronic, episodic, or time-limited

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15
Q

Diagnosis

A

the identification of the mental illness through examination

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16
Q

etiology

A

the study of origins and why disorders begin

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17
Q

Supernatural Model

A

Used as early as 900 BC, including exorcisms, the story of Charles IV, and possessions

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18
Q

Biological Model

A

something is wrong with the biology of a person; goes back as far as 480 BC with Hippocrates and Galen. The Humoral Theory of disorders, Syphilis, Grey, Kaeplin, and the discovery of electroconvulsive therapy as therapy for mental illnesses!

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19
Q

Humoral Theory of Disorders

A

irregular amounts of yellow bile (liver), black bile (spleen), phlegm (brain), and/or blood (heart)

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20
Q

John P Grey

A

champion of the biological model, editor of what would become the main publications of the American Psychological Association, and helped mental hospitals increase in size; all mental illness was “untreatable” because the causes were purely bioogical

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21
Q

Signs

A

objective, usually physical

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22
Q

Symptoms

A

subjective, usually reported by the person

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23
Q

Psychological Model

A

something is wrong with the psychological development of a person (because of social contexts)

24
Q

Psychosocial Model

A

focuses on the psychological, social, and cultural factors surrounding a psych disorder

25
Q

Moral Therapy

A

treating people as normally as possible and reinforcing normal social interactions; very similar to humanistic therapy

26
Q

Psychoanalytic Model

A

the structure of the mind, inner conflicts, the development, and defence mechanisms; primarily attributed to Freud; usually over a long period of time, and multiple times a week

27
Q

Id

A

the animal within people!

28
Q

Ego

A

the manager and rationaliser

29
Q

Supergo

A

instilled by society, what should be done

30
Q

Defence Mechanisms (7)

A
  • reaction formation - am sad, act happy!
  • denial - not me, nope
  • projection - no I’m not, you are!
  • displacement - third party
  • rationalisation - reason
  • repression - back down
  • sublimation - productive
31
Q

Psychosexual Stages of Development (5)

A

oral 0-2, anal, phallic, latent, genital

32
Q

Anal retentive

A

being uptight

33
Q

Anal expulsive

A

disorganised, chaotic

34
Q

Jung’s Collective Unconscious

A

ancestors have caused information to be deeply stored within an indiv and passed on through generations; supported the enduring personalities, humans are good at the base, inferiority complex and self sabotage

ideas underlined the Meyer’s Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

35
Q

Adler’s Question

A

What would your life look like if you actually achieved your goal? That reality is what you are afraid of

also studied birth order, nice

36
Q

Maslov’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

where basic needs are at the bottom, the most self-actualising things are at the top, and everything in between is intermediate

37
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Most fundamental person in humanistic psych

humanistic psych inspired the human potential movements in the 60s and 70s

38
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

Regarding the patient with empathy and only responding positively

39
Q

Free association

A

hearing a word and saying whatever first comes to mind; Freud thought that this was unlocking the unconscious mind

40
Q

Countertransference

A

a therapist relays/creates a positive interaction/relationship with a patient

41
Q

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

A

only loosely based on psychoanalysis; seeks to lessen the suffering of those with psych disorders in less time; sought a therapeutic alliance (relationship between patient and therapist)

42
Q

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Qualities (7)

A
  1. Affect and expression of patient’s emotions
  2. Exploration of why patients avoid topics or hinder therapy
  3. The identification of patterns of feelings, actions, etc in a patient’s relationships
  4. Emphasis on past experiences
  5. Focus on interpersonal experiences
  6. Emphasis on therapeutic relationships
  7. Exploration of fantasies, wishes, etc
43
Q

Karen Horney (Horn-eye)

A

looked at the cultural influences through the psychoanalytic lens; based neurotic needs on a lack of the basic needs during childhood that would manifest in adulthood as an unhealthy/negative obsession

44
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Model

A

A combination of the cognitive model, the behavioural model, and the social model

45
Q

Pavlov - B

A

Classical conditioning; UCS paired with CS until it becomes CS, as it elicits the UCR, which then becomes the CR

46
Q

Stimulus generalisation

A

being able to chunk anything close to the stimulus as being close enough to elicit the same reaction as the stimulus

47
Q

Extinction

A

when the UCS and CS aren’t paired together for a long enough period

48
Q

Watson - B

A

Lil’ Albert experiment, repeated by Jones, a student, with Peter in concern to peter

49
Q

Wolpe - B

A

Systematic desensitisation; added to the idea of gradual encounters with imagining the feared stimulus getting closer and closer while maintaining a calm state

50
Q

Skinner- B

A

operant conditioning; the behaviour operates on the environment; wrote Walden Two

51
Q

Shaping

A

reinforcing approximations to a desired behaviour/set of behaviour

52
Q

Pasteur - GERM THEORY

A

germ theory 1870, allowed for syphilis and paresis to be corroborated, and used malaria to those with advanced stage syphilis

53
Q

Dorthea Dix

A

started the Mental Hygiene Movement after seeing he horrible conditions of mental institutions, and though the intentions were good, the efforts increased the number of patients and thus lowered the care standards (moral therapy model cannot work in large groups of people)

54
Q

Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

A

The way we behave has continuing interactions with the biological (physiological), social (culture, ethnicity, family therapy, etc), and psychological (thoughts, cognitive processes, etc) influences

55
Q

NIMH’s Strategic Plan for Research (4, DESS)

A
  1. Define the Brain Mechanisms underlying complex behaviours
  2. Examine mental illness trajectories across the lifespan
  3. Strive for prevention and cures
  4. Strengthen public health impact of research

PSYC-151-01 (18 decks)

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