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PSYC-151-01 > Chapter 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Linear/One Dimensional Model

A

tries to trace the origins of behaviour to a single cause

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2
Q

Multidimensional Model

A

attempts to trace the origins of a behavior while considering a plethora of interacting factors

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3
Q

Systemic

A

any particular influence on one’s psychopathology must be considered with context

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4
Q

Vasovagal Syncope

A

low blood pressure in the head/decreased blood flow to the brain

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5
Q

Sinoaortic Baroflex Arc

A

lowers blood pressure after it has been suddenly increased; tends to run in families

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6
Q

Developmental Critical Period

A

where the time is critical for someone’s reaction/formation reaction to something despite possibly having encountered it before

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7
Q

Genes

A

long strands of DNA expressed by the transcription of proteins coded by DNA

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8
Q

Huntington’s Disorder

A

caused by a deterioration of the basal ganglia; appears in the mid 40s and causes changes in personality, motor skills, and cognitive functioning

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9
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

can cause intellectual disabilities if a person is exposed to phenylalanine, a chemical compound in many foods; diet until 6-7

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10
Q

Genome

A

complete set of genetic information

22 = autosomes
1 = gamete pairs
>20,000 genes in the human genome

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11
Q

Nucleotides

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

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12
Q

Genetic Locus

A

where on a chromosome a gene is located

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13
Q

Polymorphism

A

the many forms an allele can have

most common is SNP (single nucleotide poly)

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14
Q

X Chromosome Count

A

160 million base pairs = ~800 proteins coding genes = <800 being expressed

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15
Q

Mendelian Inheritance

A

when one gene is truly dominant over another and can be predicted

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16
Q

Polygenetic

A

influenced by many genes

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17
Q

Quantitative Genetics

A

studies the contribution of genes that are dimensional traits (phenotypical)

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18
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

examines the DNA structures with tools like DNA microarrays

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19
Q

Kandel 1983

A

suggested that genes that are turned off/unexpressed can be activated through a process of learning as the environment and a person interact with one another

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20
Q

Diathesis Stress Model

A

people inherit a vulnerability to a certain type of psychological disorder that then become activated by stress

the amount depends on the person, but too much of one only takes a little of the other to tip them over

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21
Q

(Reciprocal) Gene-Environment Correlation Model

A

people may have a genetic predisposition to experience stressful events because of their genetics, and therefore feed into potentially being higher risk for certain psychological disorders

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22
Q

Epigenetics

A

the environment having a direct effect on gene expression

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23
Q

Telomeres

A

structures that cap the chromosome to keep them protected, correlating positively with lifespan

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24
Q

Methylation

A

the addition of a CH3 to a CG pair on the promoter region, which inhibits expression

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25
Q

Hydroxymethylation

A

the addition of a CH2OH to a CG pair on the promoter region, which increases expression

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26
Q

Neuroscience

A

how the nervous system and brain contribute to the understanding of human behaviour, emotions, and cognitive processes

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27
Q

Nervous System

A

made of the spinal cord and the brain, which relay information to one another; sorts what is important and not, and does the right action

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28
Q

Neuron Structure

A
  1. Dendrite - receives the information from neurotransmitters, which turn it into an electrical impulse (action potential)
  2. Travels to the axon, then to the terminal button, which sends it to another neuron’s dendrite
  3. Must cross the synaptic cleft/gap
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29
Q

Glia

A

outnumber neurons 10-1!!

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30
Q

Monoamine transmiters

A

Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine

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31
Q

Amino-acid transmitters

A

GABA, glutamate

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32
Q

Serotonin

A

5 Hydroxytryptamine (5HT)
~6 major circuits around the midbrain
Large role in information processing and behaviour
May be a biggie on mood disorders
<Serotonin associated w aggressive behaviour, poor impulse control, overreaction, and overeating
Locomotor system regulated by herrr

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33
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants

A

affect serotonin systems in the body

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34
Q

SSRIs

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; includes medications like Prozac; affects serotonin more directly and used to treat psych disorders like anxiety and eating disorders

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35
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Stimulates the alpha-adrenergic and/or beta-adrenergic receptors
Circuits identified in the nervous system
Could relate to panic
Probably moderate behaviour in general
Linked to anxiety and depression

36
Q

Dopamine

A

catecholamine bc it’s similar to epinephrine and norepinephrine
Related to schizophrenia and addiction disorders
Reserpine may inhibit these receptors; turns on various brain circuits associated with certain kinds of behaviour
Linked with serotonin circuits
Associated with being outgoing, adventurous, pleasure-seeking
Turns on the locomotor system

37
Q

Glutamate

A

An excitor!
Linked to potential psych disorders
Have a role in memory
Could potentially get overstimulated

38
Q

GABA

A

An inhibitor!
Found before glutamate
Reduces things like anxiety
Benzodiazepines facilitate connection to neuron receptors (Xanax, Valium)
Many subsystems
Works on negative and positive arousal
Indep of glutamate

39
Q

Brain Circuits

A

the path(s) that a particular neurotransmitter takes

40
Q

Agonists

A

increases a neurotransmitter’s activity by mimicking it

41
Q

Antagonist

A

decreases a neurotransmitter’s activity by inhibiting it (usually binding to the site to prevent it)

42
Q

Inverse Antagonist

A

does the opposite function of the targeted neurotransmitter

43
Q

Reuptake

A

when a neurotransmitter is broken down and brought back across the synaptic cleft to the sending neuron

44
Q

Brain stem

A

More ancient part of the brain responsible for low evolutionary behaviours and processing
Handles important functions like breathing, sleeping, and coordinated movement
Made of the hindbrain and the cerebellum

45
Q

Hindbrain

A

the medulla, pons, and the cerebellum (mayb), responsible for breathing, heart pumping, and digestion

46
Q

Cerebellum

A

important for movement coordination (could be linked to autism?)

47
Q

Midbrain

A

Coordinates movement with sensory input and connects it to the reticular activating system
Made of the thalamus and hypothalamus

48
Q

Forebrain

A

More advanced, evolved more recently
Made of the limbic system, the basal ganglia, and the cerebral cortex

49
Q

Limbic system (4)

A

Above the thalamus and hypothalamus
Helps regulate emotional experiences and ability to control impulses
Contains the hippocampus (seahorse), the cingulate gyrus (girdle), the septum (divider) and the amygdala (almond)

50
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

At the bottom of the forebrain
Contains the caudate (tailed) nucleus
Believed to be involved in motor activities (damaging this area can lead to involuntary shaking and changes in posture)

51
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Largest part of the forebrain
Contains 80% of all neurons
Allows planning, creation, future vision
Consists of temporal, parietal, occipital, and frontal

52
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

At the temples
Associated with recognising sights and sounds, and long-term storage of memory

53
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Above the temple (directly)
Associated with recognising different touch sensations
Associated with monitoring body position

54
Q

Occipital

A

Back
Makes sense of various visual inputs

55
Q

Frontal

A

Split into the prefrontal cortex (front) and the pre-central gyrus
Responsible for thinking, reasoning, longterm memory, planning, and uses information from the other parts of the brain to respond to an issue

56
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Coordinates with the brain to make sure things are functioning properly
Made of the somatic and autonomic systems

57
Q

Somatic System

A

Controls the muscles, part of the PNS
Conscious activity monitor

58
Q

Autonomic System

A

Made of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
Regulates cardiovascular system, digestion, and maintenance like body temp
Unconscious activity monitor

59
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Part of the autonomic system
Mobilises the body when threatened (heart rate, respiration, adrenal gland activation)

60
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

balances the sympathetic system by stopping arousal and digesting food to store energy

61
Q

Endocrine System

A

Secretes hormones into the blood stream
Closely related to the immune system
Psychoneuroendocrinology
Pituitary gland connected to hypothalamus, which activates the cortical part of the adrenal gland, using cortisol + adrenaline (epinephrine), called the HPA axis
HTPA = hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical

62
Q

Lesions

A

areas of damage in the brain
e.g. increased activity/damage to the orbital surface, cingulate gyrus and caudate nucleus (areas with high concentration in serotonin) linked to inability to control compulsions and impulsive behaviour

63
Q

Impulsive

A

acting without thought

64
Q

Compulsive

A

the urge to perform an action repeatedly

65
Q

Insel, Eslinger, and Damasio’s Case Study

A

man had a surgery that took a bit of his orbital surface, and suddenly became an obsessive-compulsive person

*be critical!!

66
Q

Initiating factor

A

why something has occurred

67
Q

Maintaining Factor

A

why a state persists

68
Q

exposure and response prevention

A

gradually exposing the patient to the stimulus and preventing the maladaptive response to reroute the brain

69
Q

Brain-gut connection/psychobiome

A

some bacteria secrete hormones that act as neurotransmitters and signals to the brain/send information to the body; GABA is produced there

70
Q

Cognitive science

A

study of how we acquire, process, store, and retrieve information

71
Q

Rescorla’s Analysis

A

allows the brain to generalise and make guesses about the world from previous experience during classical conditioning

72
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

when a subject realises that there is no way to operate on an environment to relieve an unwanted stimulus

73
Q

Learned Optimism

A

people who are more positive about the thought of aging tend to live longer

74
Q

Modelling/Observational Learning

A

viewing another person experiencing a stimulus is enough for the subject to understand and generalise the stimulus

75
Q

Prepared Learning

A

humans have become primed to learn about certain things because of their evolutionary prevalence to our ancestors; leads to fears that are unreasonable now but useful back then

76
Q

Blindsight/Unconscious vision

A

the ability to see without the direct input of a visual landscape relaid to the occipital lobe

77
Q

Implicit Memory

A

memories that you can’t necessarily remember, but the function of the purpose they served is evident (e.g. remembering to balance on a bike)

78
Q

Explicit Memory

A

a memory that can be recalled with detail

79
Q

Stroop Paradigm

A

reading the colour of words instead of what they say; can be used to uncover unconscious processing

80
Q

Piloerection

A

when your hair stands on end

81
Q

Emotion

A

an action tendency elicited by an event and followed by a feeling + physiological response and operates on the approach-avoidance

82
Q

Mood

A

a more persistent show of personality; a prolonged state/tendency of emotionality

83
Q

Affective Style

A

how someone tends to express their emotions

84
Q

Mania

A

when someone is in an exceptionally good mood all the time (that is persistent and doesn’t stop)

85
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

where people switch between episodes of mania and depression

86
Q

Equifinality

A

having one effect stem from multiple causes

PSYC-151-01 (18 decks)

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