Chapter 14: Nerodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

Neurodevelopmental Disorders (5)

Answer 1

• Specific Learning Disorder
• ADHD
• Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Intellectual Disability
• Communication and Motor Disorders
• must be during childhood!!

Question 2

ADHD

Answer 2

characterised by either inattention and/or hyperactivty/impulsivity
- can either have combined presentation, predominantly inattentive, or predominantly hyperactive

Question 3

Inattention

Answer 3

inability to sustain focus, to organise, easily distracted, losing things easily, etc

Question 4

Hyperactivity

Answer 4

interrupting, blurting out, unable to play quietly, problems with fidgeting, difficulty waiting

Question 5

ADHD Prevalence

Answer 5

1/20 children worldwide could be diagnosed with this

Question 6

ADHD Etiology

Answer 6

• genetics? chromosome 20?? definitely more than one gene
• require more dopamine to be at rest (always under stimulated)
• maternal smoking

Question 7

ADHD Treatment

Answer 7

• medication: ritalin, adderall, dexedrine, cylert
• parent training, behaviour reinforcement programming, accommodations, combined treatment

Question 8

Autism Spectrum Disorder Clusters (3)

Answer 8

• social deficits
• communicative deficits
• restricted behaviour/interests

Question 9

Dimensional Aspects for Autism Spectrum Disorder (3 levels)

Answer 9

• requiring support
• requiring substantial support
• requiring very substantial support

Question 10

Autism Spectrum Disorder Prevalence

Answer 10

1/50 children
5:1 males
38% show intellectual disabilities as well
females more likely to have < IQ
20% likelihood of having another child w autism after having the first

Question 11

Autism Spectrum Disorder Etiology

Answer 11

• significant interaction between oxytocin receptors

Question 12

Autism Spectrum Disorder Treatment

Answer 12

-multidimensional comprehensive focus
- special education
- focus on communication
- medication, mayb
- support for families
- integrating adults into society
- independence maximisation
- dimensional aspects

Question 13

Asperger’s Syndrome

Answer 13

• an Autism Spectrum Disorder characterised by high intellectual functioning and low social understanding of others and emotions

Question 14

Specific Learning Disorder(s)

Answer 14

characterised by the performance in a particular area that is substantially below what would be expected at IQ, age, etc
- response to intervention is used for diagnosis

Question 15

Response to Intervention

Answer 15

how a child reacts to specific interventions that have been proven to be effective; if they are not as successful as their peers, it is a sign that they may have a SLD

Question 16

Specific Learning Disorder Categories (3)

Answer 16

• reading
• expression (writing)
• mathematics

Question 17

Specific Learning Disorder Etiology

Answer 17

• genetic: runs in families, but they are in a clump of genes that affect learning altogether
• neurobiological: may be structural or functional differences in the brain
  - broca’s area (word analysis + articulation), left pariotemporal area (word analysis), left occipitotemporal area (recognising word form), and intraparietal sulcus (sense of numbers)
• environmental factors

Question 18

Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Development Disorder)

Answer 18

characterised by significant impairment in many different areas of life that interferes with independence

Question 19

Intellectual Development Disorder Categories (3)

Answer 19

• conceptual (memory, language, reasoning)
• social (social judgement, ability to maintain friends)
• practical (difficulties managing self care/job responsibilities)

Question 20

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Support Scale (4)

Answer 20

• intermittent
• limited
• extensive
• pervasive

Question 21

Intellectual Developmental Disorder Etiology

Answer 21

• environmental: abuse, neglect, etc
• prenatal
• perinatal
• post natal
• genetics: genetic mutations, single gene disorders, recessive disorders, x-linked genes
• 30% have no identifiable etiology

Question 22

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

Answer 22

• x linked
• ID and cerebral palsy
• self injurious behaviour

Question 23

Phenylketonuria

Answer 23

phenylalanine causes ID and seizures because it deposits in the brain

Question 24

Down Syndrome/Trisomy 21

Answer 24

• caused by an incorrect cell division where they divide into three copies and one, and the singular copy dies
• earlier onset for Alzheimer’s and more likely to suffer from it

Question 25

Testing for Down Syndrome

Answer 25

• amniocentesis: testing the fluid in the amniotic sac
• chorionic villus sampling: taking a small piece of the placenta for testing
• blood tests within the first trimester of pregnancy

Question 26

Fragile X Syndrome

Answer 26

caused by a mutation in the X chromosome that makes the tip look like it’s hanging from a thread
- men more affected than women
- men have more hyperactivity, gaze avoidance, and preservative speech
- large ears, testicles, and head circumference
- women who carry have mild to severe learning disabilities

Question 27

Cultural-Familial Intellectual Disabilities

Answer 27

• people who are thought to have cognitive impairments resulting from a combination of psychosocial and biological factors

Question 28

Prevention for Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Answer 28

• early intervention for Specific Learning Disabilities
• need to be able to identify who and how to help families
• emotional and social support
• maintaining independence