Chapter #1 pt. 1 Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is the Biological Development Perspective?
Development is determined primarily by biological forces
What are the 2 Theories Of the Biological Perspective
- Maturational Theory
- Ethological Theory
What is the Maturational Theory of the Biological Perspective?
Development reflects the natural unfolding of a pre-arranged biological plan
What is the Ethological Theory of the Biological Perspective?
Many behaviours are viewed as adaptive because they have survival value
Critical Period (Biological Perspective)
Time during which a child is ready and able to learn something (not too early or too late)
Imprinting (Biological Perspective)
Forming an emotional bond between the child and the first moving object (usually the mother)
What is the Psychodynamic Development Perspective?
Development is determined by how a child resolves (psychological) conflicts at different ages
2 Major Psychodynamic Perspective Theory
- Freud’s psychosexual theory
- Erikson’s psychosocial theory
Freud’s 3 Components of Personality:
- Id = primal and instincts, since birth
- Ego = rational, decision-making self, first year of life, balancing Id’s desires and the real world
- Superego = mortality and societal rules, preschool years
All 5 stages of Development:
- Oral = birth to 2 years
- Anal = 2 to 3 years
- Phallic = 3 to 7 years
- Latency = 7 to 11 years
- Genital = 11+ years
What is the Learning Development Perspective?
Emphasized the importance of experience in development (vs. biological perspective). Children are a ‘blank slate’
3 Types of Learning:
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Observational learning
Classical Conditioning Theory:
Ivan Pavlov and John Watson
Forming associations between stimuli
Not changing the behaviour
Operant Conditioning Theory:
B.F. Skinner
Changing the behaviour
All the Negative/Positive Reinforcements
Observational Learning Theory:
Abert Bandura
Social Cognitive Theory
Self-efficacy
The belief that one can do something after watching someone else do it (especially in children)
What is the Cognitive-Developmental Perspective?
The development reflects children’s efforts to understand the world
Jean Piaget 4-stage Sequence (Cognitive-Developmental Perspective)
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operational
- Formal Operational
Sensorimotor Stage (Cognitive-Developmental Perspective)
Age: 0-2
Characteristics: Learning through sensory experiences
Object permanence
Preoperational Stage (Cognitive-Developmental Perspective)
Age: 2-7
Characteristics: Symbolic thinking, egocentrism, animism
Concrete Operational Stage (Cognitive-Developmental Perspective)
Age: 7-11
Characteristics: Logical thinking, conservation and reversibility
Formal Operational Stage (Cognitive-Developmental Perspective)
Age: 12+
Characteristics: Abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
Multiple perspectives, complex problem-solving
What is the Contextual Development Perspective?
Development is determined by immediate and more distant environments, which typically influence each other
People and institutions together from a culture - the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of a group of people
Lev Vygotsky and the Contextual Development Perspective
Believed that adults convey to children the beliefs, customers, and skills of their culture
- childhood as apprenticeship
- Development cannot be separated from its social context
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory (Contextual Development Perspective)
Views development within a set of nested, interacting systems
1. Microsystem
2. Mesosystem
3. Exosystem
4. Macrosystem
5. Chronosystem
