Chapter #3 pt. 1

Question 1

What is Cephalocaudal Growth?

Answer 1

Growth from the head to foot, where the head grows faster than the legs

Question 2

What is Proximodistal Growth?

Answer 2

From close in to farther out
where inside develops before limbs

Question 3

What are the Secular Growth Trends:

Answer 3

generational changes in physical develoment

Question 4

What are the Two Mechanisms of Physical Growth:

Answer 4

1. Sleep
2. Proper Nutrition

Question 5

Why is sleep Important for development?

Answer 5

80% of growth hormones are secreted during sleep
Less sleep leads to higher BMI (Body Mass Index) Due to the disruption of hormones controlling hunger and appetite

Question 6

Why is Proper nutrition important for Physical Growth?

Answer 6

• breastfeeding is the best
• Needed most when rapidly developing

Question 7

Picky Eating (Responsive Feeding):

Answer 7

• allow children to eat in any order they want
• Present but not force new foods
• No clean plate club
  Don’t focus on what the child is eating/not eating
• Never use food as reward/punishment

Question 8

Adolescent Growth Spurt
and Puberty

Answer 8

Puberty marks the biological start of adolescence
The hypothalamus regulates the onset of puberty
Adolescents become taller, heavier, and experience changes in both primary and secondary sex characteristics

Question 9

Events and timing of sexual
maturation differ for boys and
girls

Answer 9

Girls typically begin experiencing
puberty-related changes from
around 10 years (e.g., growth
spurt).
For boys, the process starts
around the age of 11.5.-12 years.

Question 10

Adolescent Growth Spurt and Puberty. Regulation
Mechanisms (3)

Answer 10

1. Genes
2. Nutrition
3. Health

Question 11

Adolescent Growth Spurt and Puberty. Regulation
Mechanisms (Genes)

Answer 11

Identical twins hit the
puberty in closer
synchrony, as compared to
fraternal twins.

Question 12

Adolescent Growth Spurt and Puberty. Regulation
Mechanisms (Nutrition)

Answer 12

First period (menarche)
occurs on average 2-3
years earlier in Western
Europe vs some of the
African countries

Question 13

Adolescent Growth Spurt and Puberty. Regulation
Mechanisms (Health)

Answer 13

Chronic stress = earlier
age of menarche

Question 14

Adolescent Growth Spurt and Puberty. Early maturation

Answer 14

Worse for girls
Affects self-confidence, increases risks of depression, substance use, and teenage pregnancy.
Warm, supportive parenting buffers the effects of early maturation

Question 15

Negative Effects of Malnutrition

Answer 15

When children eat a nutritious
breakfast regularly, they’re often
more successful in school (clearest
effects for mathematics)

Question 16

Eating Disorder: Anorexia

Answer 16

Persistent refusal to eat and irrational fear of being overweight

Question 17

Eating Disorder: Bulimia

Answer 17

Uncontrolled eating and purging

Question 18

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Answer 18

is persistent dissatisfaction with perceived body shape.
Classified under Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders.
BDD is more common in women

Question 19

Overweight Classification

Answer 19

Body mass index (BMI)* between 85th and 95th percentile

Question 20

Obesity Classification

Answer 20

BMI 95th percentile and above

Question 21

What is a Neuron

Answer 21

is a basic unit of nervous
system, receives and transmits
information

Question 22

Cell body:

Answer 22

Cell body contains the basic biological machinery that keeps the neuron alive

Question 23

Dendrite, axon, and myelin

Answer 23

are important for communication between neurons

Question 24

Neurotransmitters

Answer 24

are chemicals that carry information to neurons across synapses

Question 25

3 Different Neurons

Answer 25

1. Sensory 2. Interneurons 3. Motor neurons

Question 26

What are Sensory Neurons:

Answer 26

Bring information to the CNS

Question 27

What are interneurons

Answer 27

Associate sensory and motor activity in the CNS

Question 28

What are Motor Neurons

Answer 28

Send signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles

Question 29

Cerebral cortex:

Answer 29

wrinkled surface of the brain, consists of right and left hemispheres which are linked by the corpus callosum

Question 30

Frontal cortex:

Answer 30

controls personality and ability to carry out plans

Question 31

Lobes

Answer 31

major areas of the cortex associated with different categories of behavior

Question 32

The Developing Brain

Answer 32

The brain originates in the prenatal neural plate (around 3 weeks after conception; embryonic period) that folds into the neural tube

Question 33

The Developing Brain. Neurogenesis

Answer 33

proliferation of neurons through cell division During fetal development, cells rapidly divide, migrate and grow. Most neurogenesis is complete at birth. but postnatal neurogenesis continues in at least one area: the hippocampus

Question 34

The Developing Brain. Synaptogenesis

Answer 34

formation of synapses/connections between neurons. Observed around the 23rd prenatal week and continues rapidly after birth. After birth, the brain grows rapidly with synaptic pruning weeding out unnecessary connections between neurons.

Question 35

The Developing Brain. Synaptic Pruning

Answer 35

Synaptic pruning follows a "use it or lose it" principle and follows a specific sequence.

Question 36

Myelin

Answer 36

Is a sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord. It is made up of protein and fatty substances.

Question 37

Myelinization

Answer 37

starts before birth and continues through adolescence, resulting in improved coordination and reaction times.

Question 38

Brain regions specialize

Answer 38

Early left hemisphere for verbal functioning right hemisphere for spatial and nonverbal functioning

Question 39

Brain plasticity

Answer 39

the extent to which brain organization is flexible. High in the developing brain with limits.

Question 40

hemispherectomy

Answer 40

Removing or disconnecting a part or a whole brain hemisphere