Chapter 1: Science of Psychology

Question 1

Is the field of psychology an older science?

Answer 1

No, it Is a newer field.

Question 2

Who is the father of psychology and when?

Answer 2

William Wundt in 1879.

Question 3

What did William Wundt come up with?

Answer 3

Structuralism (structure/basic elements of mind)

Question 4

Structuralism example

Answer 4

Chocolate bar smells sweet, has lines, can be broken up, is smooth

Question 5

What did William James come up with?

Answer 5

Functionalism (how mind thinks, works)

Question 6

Gestalt principle

Answer 6

View whole figure instead of parts

Question 7

Gestalt example

Answer 7

You hear the melody of the song, not each note

Question 8

What did Freud come up with?

Answer 8

Psychoanalysis (unconscious part of our brain causes conflicts)

Question 9

What did Pavlov and Watson come up with?

Answer 9

Behaviorism (behavior is learned/observed)

Question 10

What was the Little Albert experiment?

Answer 10

An infant was conditioned to be afraid of a white rat (learned)

Question 11

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

Answer 11

Based on psychoanalysis, less sexual, unconscious

Question 12

What is the behavioral perspective?

Answer 12

Operant conditioning, reinforcement of an action

Question 13

Give an example of the behavioral perspective

Answer 13

A child cries, a mother gives approval, so the child cries in the future because she rewarded him with approval

Question 14

What is the humanistic perspective (third force)?

Answer 14

Free will and self actualization, “all people are good”

Question 15

What is the cognitive perspective?

Answer 15

How people think and/or problem solve

Question 16

What is the sociocultural perspective?

Answer 16

Impact of social interactions, culture, or society

Question 17

What is an example of the sociocultural perspective?

Answer 17

Two twins, one raised in the US and the other in Africa would behave completely different.

Question 18

What is the biopsychological perspective?

Answer 18

Biological bases of behavior/mental processes

Question 19

Give an example of the biopsychological perspective?

Answer 19

Dementia/Alzheimers is due to genetics

Question 20

What is the evolutionary perspective?

Answer 20

Biological bases for characteristics shared by all humans, evolution

Question 21

Give an example of the evolutionary perspective?

Answer 21

All humans are scared of snakes

Question 22

What is a correlation?

Answer 22

A relationship between 2 or more variables, does not imply causation

Question 23

What does the correlation coefficient tell you?

Answer 23

R = The direction and strength of relation/line

Question 24

When do you have a positive correlation?

Answer 24

When both variables are moving in the same direction.

Question 25

Give an example of a positive correlation

Answer 25

Those who eat more will gain weight

Question 26

When do you have a negative correlation?

Answer 26

If variables are moving in opposite directions.

Question 27

Give an example of a negative correlation

Answer 27

Those with high self esteem have a low chance of developing depression

Question 28

What is a third variable?

Answer 28

An unknown factor that affects an experiment

Question 29

Give an example of a third variable

Answer 29

Churches cause crime, third variable is the population of city making crime higher

Question 30

When can you imply causation?

Answer 30

Experimentation

Question 31

What did Plato come up with?

Answer 31

Rationalism (understanding the world)

Question 32

What perspective does a psychologist use?

Answer 32

Multiple perspectives

Question 33

What did Aristotle come up with?

Answer 33

Empiricism (direct observation explain the world)

Question 34

Give an example of empiricism

Answer 34

The sky is blue, blue is calming, blue is the color of bird feathers, blue is sad

Question 35

What is a psychiatrist?

Answer 35

They go to medical school, can diagnose and treat patients with medicine

Question 36

What is a psychologist?

Answer 36

Someone who has a doctorate degree

Question 37

What is a counselor/therapist?

Answer 37

They have a master degree in counseling

Question 38

What is the observer effect?

Answer 38

When participants are observed, they act different

Question 39

What is observer bias?

Answer 39

The researcher only "sees" what they are looking for

Question 40

What is courtesy bias from a survey?

Answer 40

When a participant lies to answer the question "correctly"

Question 41

Give an example of courtesy bias

Answer 41

Have you been flossing, participant lies and says yes

Question 42

What is a disadvantage of a case study?

Answer 42

The results cannot always be generalized because it's specific to that person

Question 43

What group gets the independent variable?

Answer 43

The experimental group

Question 44

What group is given no/neutral treatment?

Answer 44

The control group

Question 45

What is a placebo?

Answer 45

Expectations of participants can influence their behavior so they are given a "false treatment"

Question 46

Give an example of a placebo

Answer 46

A sugar pill

Question 47

What is a quasi experiment?

Answer 47

When random assignment is not possible due to logic/ethical reasons

Question 48

Give an example of a quasi experiment

Answer 48

Pregnant women and alcohol, you would not give them alcohol because that is not ethical

Question 49

How are psychological studies approved?

Answer 49

By an IRB

Question 50

What is a single blind experiment?

Answer 50

When the participants don't know what group they are put in

Question 51

What is a double blind experiment?

Answer 51

When the participants/experimenter don't know what group they are put in