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Psychology > Chapter 13 & 15: Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 13 & 15: Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

All those relatively permanent traits, dispositions, or characteristics within the individual that give some measure of consistency to that person’s behavior

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2
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective (Freud)?

A

Personality is determined by conflicting, unconscious inner forces within the person

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3
Q

What are the 3 levels of Freudian levels of thought?

A

The conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

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4
Q

What is the conscious level?

A

Consists of things you are current aware of, constantly changing

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5
Q

What is the preconscious level?

A

Consists of things you are not currently aware of, but could retrieve if desired

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6
Q

What is the unconscious level?

A

Consists of things you’re unaware of and would be difficult to bring into awareness, primary personality component

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7
Q

What are Freudian personality components?

A

The id, the ego, and the superego

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8
Q

What is the id?

A

Functions according to primary-process thought which is irrational, instinct-driven, and out of touch (pleasure)

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9
Q

What is the ego?

A

Secondary-process thought, rational, controls and channels id (reality)

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10
Q

What is the superego?

A

Idealistic principle, strives for moral perfection, contains sense of right and wrong

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11
Q

What is the oral stage?

A

0-1, trust, pleasure comes from oral exploration of the world

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12
Q

What is the anal stage?

A

1-3, control, pleasure comes from urination and defecation

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13
Q

What is the phallic stage?

A

3-6, sex-role identification, pleasure comes from genital stimulation, oedipus conflict and Electra complex

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14
Q

What is the latency stage?

A

6-puberty, learning, sexual impulses are repressed and energy is focused on achievement and mastery of skills

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15
Q

What is the genital stage?

A

Puberty-adulthood, intimacy, sexuality resurfaces and pleasure comes from adult-type sexual activity, maturity occurs

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16
Q

What is fixation?

A

Becoming “stuck” in one stage of psychosexual development and not being able to progress any further

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17
Q

What is regression?

A

Moving back to an earlier stage of development acting childlike and dependent

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18
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A

Employed by the ego to rid itself of the anxiety that comes from constantly trying to satisfy both id and superego

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19
Q

What is the denial defense mechanism?

A

Refusing to accept that the feeling is present or that the event occurred

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20
Q

What is the repression defense mechanism?

A

Relegating anxiety, causing thoughts to the unconscious, refusing to think about them

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21
Q

What is the projection defense mechanism?

A

Attributing one’s undesirable traits or actions to others, so they become the problem instead of you

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22
Q

What is the displacement defense mechanism?

A

Substituting a less-threatening object for the subject of the hostile or sexual impulse

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23
Q

What is the sublimation defense mechanism?

A

Redirecting anxiety, causing impulses into socially acceptable actions

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24
Q

What is the reaction formation defense mechanism?

A

Taking actions opposite to one’s feelings in order to deny the reality of the feelings

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25
What is the rationalization defense mechanism?
Creating intellectually acceptable arguments for thoughts or behavior to hide the actual anxiety-causing impulses
26
What is a personality assessment?
Psychodynamic theorists use projective tests in which an individual must interpret ambiguous stimuli, reflecting unconscious processes
27
What is the Rorschach test?
Subject tells what each blot looks like and what aspect of the blot triggered that response
28
What is the Rorschach test criticized for?
Lack of reliability and low validity
29
What is the TAT test?
19 vague/ambiguous drawings, person describes what is happening in each
30
What is free association in psychodynamic therapy?
Patients report what comes to mind
31
What is resistance in psychodynamic therapy?
Unwillingness to discuss topics related to unconscious conflicts
32
What is transference in psychodynamic therapy?
Shifting thoughts/feelings about one important person from the past onto the therapist
33
What are limitations to psychodynamic therapy?
Minimizes patient responsibility, neglects conscious motives and the present, and fairly costly
34
What are Neo-Freudians?
Former students of Freud who broke away from him to create own theories
35
What was Alfred Adler's theory?
Humans are motivated by the need to overcome inferiority and strive for significance, compensation, inferiority complex
36
What was Carl Jung's theory?
Personal unconscious, collective unconscious (inherited tendencies to respond in a particular way shared by all humans)
37
What was Erik Erikson's theory?
Emphasized social influences, development continues throughout life
38
What was Karen Horney's theory?
Emphasized anxiety, felt that Freud's theory was particularly inadequate for women, role of cultural variables
39
What is humanistic psychology?
People consciously and purposefully make unique choices that lead to their own personal growth
40
What are the components of Carl Rogers' Self Theory?
Real self, ideal self, and fully-functioning person
41
What is the real self?
People's actual perception of themselves and their abilities
42
What is the ideal self?
Contains the attributes the person would like to have
43
What is the fully-functioning person?
Match between the two: real and ideal self
44
What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Based on humanistic principles and achievement of self-actualization
45
What is the Human Potential Movement?
Still evident in counseling and self-help materials
46
What is humanistic therapy?
Client-centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers
47
What are characteristics of humanistic therapy?
Uses mirroring, it is subjective (only client can determine improvement), and only appropriate for mild adjustment problems
48
What are problems with behavioral theories?
They arise from failure to learn adaptive behavior or learning or maladaptive behavior
49
What is counterconditioning?
Undesirable response replaced by preferable one
50
What is systematic desensitization?
Clients gradually learn to replace an anxiety response with relaxation
51
What are extinction procedures?
Likelihood of maladaptive response is reduced
52
What is flooding?
Person is over-exposed to anxiety-provoking stimulus until it no longer provokes anxiety
53
Give an example of an operant conditioning technique.
Token economies: using tokens that can be exchanged for other items/privileges as a reinforcer
54
Give an example of an observational learning technique.
Modeling: learning appropriate or desirable behavior by observing the actions of others
55
What are limitations to behavioral therapy?
Addresses only behavioral symptoms meaning underlying symptoms are not treated, new behavioral symptoms may emerge in place of the old ones
56
What are cognitive theories?
Focuses on role that thought processes play in creating disordered behavior
57
What is rational emotive therapy?
Believing in irrational beliefs: I must be perfect, everyone must love me, the past determines the future, it is catastrophic when things do not go as planned
58
What is Beck's cognitive theory?
Teaching patient's to replace the thoughts with realistic, healthy ones due to depression
59
What are limitations to Beck's theory?
Fails to focus on emotions which are an important component of many disorders
60
What are trait theories?
They describe the structure of personality rather than explain it through processes
61
What are universal theories?
Examine how individuals differ on traits that all people possess
62
Give an example of the universal theory.
Being an introvert versus being an extrovert
63
What are distinctive theories?
Examine individuals' unique sets of personality traits
64
What is the Big Five (OCEAN)?
Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, & neuroticism
65
What is openness to experience?
Closed to experience or open to it
66
What is conscientiousness?
If you are dependable or undependable as a person
67
What is extraversion?
If you are withdrawn or outgoing
68
What is agreeableness?
If you are low in agreeing or high in it
69
What Is neuroticism?
If you are stable or unstable
70
What are pros and cons to the Big Five?
Pros: helpful in predicting general trends in behavior Cons: too general to predict behavior in specific situations
71
What are Alport's personal dispositions?
Traits that are unique to each individual
72
What are cardinal traits?
Single dominant traits that influence all activities
73
Give an example of a cardinal trait
Mother Teresa being compassionate
74
What are central traits?
Influences behavior in most situations
75
What are secondary traits?
Influences behavior in particular situations
76
What is the MMPI-2?
Most widely used inventory that consists of 567 true-false that measures 10 clinical scales of personality
77
What are strengthens and weaknesses of the MMPI-2?
Strengthens: objective, reliable, valid, safeguards against faking Weaknesses: Not culturally sensitive, classifies too many as emotionally disturbed
78
What is Bandura's theory?
Self-efficiency: belief that we are competent and effective in dealing with the environment Reciprocal determinism: personal variable influence environment and environment influences behavior
79
What are advantages and disadvantages of group therapy?
Advantages: empathy and support, social pressure, dynamic of group Disadvantages: Less time and attention from therapist, some issues are not addressed
80
What is family therapy?
Assumption that many individual problems stem from family dynamics
81
What does couples therapy help with?
Sharing and adjusting expectations from significant others
82
True or false: research does not provide convincing evidence that therapy is effective
False, is it effective
83
Effectiveness of therapy depends on:
Fit among the therapy, nature of the problem, characteristics of therapist, and characteristics of client

Psychology (12 decks)

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