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Psychology > Chapter 6: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

Active system that receives info from senses, organizes and alters it, stores it, and retrieves it

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2
Q

What is flashbulb memory?

A

Recollections of specific context in which you learned about important news

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3
Q

Give an example of a flashbulb memory

A

9/11, when the world shut down due to covid

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4
Q

What is the emotional-integrative model?

A

Prior knowledge, personal importance, and affective reaction interact to trigger automatic encoding (adrenaline release)

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5
Q

What are amnesiacs?

A

People with loss of partial memory function due to injury illness

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6
Q

What is anterograde?

A

Inability to form new memories after event, think after and anterograde

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7
Q

What is retrograde?

A

Inability to recall memories formed prior to the event

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8
Q

What are mnemonists?

A

People with exceptional memories, can be possible for gifted and normal people

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9
Q

What are mnemonic devices?

A

Strategies that improve recall of info

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10
Q

What is categorical clustering?

A

Trying to remember items in meaningful categories

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11
Q

What are acronyms?

A

Use the first letter of each word of a concept to form a memorable word or phrase

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12
Q

Give an example of an acronym

A

ROY G BIV

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13
Q

What are acrostics?

A

Creating sentence/phrase where first letter of each word corresponds

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14
Q

Give an example of an acrostic

A

King Henry Died by Drinking Chocolate Milk

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15
Q

What is interactive imagery?

A

Creating a vivid mental image of each item and imagine each item interacting with the next

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16
Q

What is peg-word method?

A

Interactive image with each item in a list

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17
Q

Give an example of the peg-word method

A

One is gun, two is shoe, three is tree

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18
Q

What is the method of loci?

A

Pairing each thing to be remembered with one of an organized set of familiar locations, think LOCations and loci

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19
Q

What are keywords?

A

Memorize meaning of unfamiliar word/phrase that sounds like it/imagine keyword with image of meaning of word

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20
Q

Example of keyword

A

Canby

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21
Q

What is encoding?

A

Putting info into memory

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22
Q

What is storage?

A

Holding info in memory

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23
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Recovering info from memory

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24
Q

What is the process of memory?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
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25
What are the levels of processing model?
Shallow: Physical properties Intermediate: Acoustics Deep: Meaning (results in longer retention)
26
What is the parallel distributed processing (PDP) model?
Memory is a single entity in which info is processed in multiple ways simultaneously via network of neural connections
27
What is sensory memory?
First stage, info enters system via senses
28
What is icon?
Visual sensory, what can be seen at once, duration is 500 ms
29
What is echo?
Auditory sensory, what can be heard at once, duration is 2-4 seconds
30
What is short term memory (STM)?
Conscious, active memory in which info is held for brief periods of time
31
What is Baddeley's working memory model?
7 + or - 2
32
What is chunking?
A meaningful unit
33
What is long term memory (LTM)?
Unlimited capacity, long duration (decades), and organized
34
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Meaningful associations between new and previous knowledge
35
What is the total time hypothesis?
Single study session (learning depends on total time spent)
36
What is the spacing effect?
Distributed learning is better than massed learning
37
Give an example of chunking
F, FBI, Federal Bureau of Investigation
38
What is procedural knowledge?
Memories for skills
39
What is implicit knowledge?
Not easily brought into conscious awareness, still influential
40
What is declarative knowledge?
Memories for facts
41
What is explicit knowledge?
Conscious recollection
42
What is semantic knowledge?
General knowledge
43
What is episodic knowledge?
Personal information
44
What is a schema?
A mental framework for concepts or events
45
Give an example of a schema
A dog barks, wags tails, and is loyal
46
What is encoding specificity?
Info is best retrieved in the same way it is learned
47
What is recall?
Retrieving information without the aid of cues
48
Give an example of recall
An essay
49
What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?
Retrieval failure caused by inhibition, overcome with time and retrieval cues
50
What is the primacy effect?
Enhanced memory for first info presented (think primary)
51
What is the recency effect?
Enhanced memory for last info presented (think recent)
52
What is recognition?
Matching provided material to what is already in memory
53
Give an example of recognition
Multiple choice, recognizing faces
54
What are false positives regarding recognition?
When you falsely recognize a fact/person
55
Who was Lenell Geter?
Man who was put in prison for a crime he didn't commit because they incorrectly recognized him
56
What is constructive memory?
Incoming info is interpreted, elaborated upon, and integrated
57
What is reconstructive memory?
Retrieved info is completed on the basis of schema which leads to distortion/inaccuracy
58
What did Bartlett do regarding reconstructive memory?
He did an experiment where individuals read "War of the Ghosts" and came back a month later to try and retrieve what happened in the story.
59
What did Elizabeth Loftus do?
Put pictures of slides up of an auto accident with a yield/stop sign and asked them if they saw a yield or stop sign after 20 minutes of completing an unrelated task.
60
What does brain fingerprinting do?
It detects occurrence of specific, measurable brain response
61
What is the curve of forgetting via Hermann Ebbinghaus?
After elapsed time, retention decreases (forgetting info)
62
What is decay?
Memories grow weaker with time if not rehearsed
63
What is interference?
Memories compete and one memory can block the recall of another
64
What is proactive interference?
Old info interferes with ability to recall new info
65
Give an example of proactive interference
Trying to find your car
66
What is retroactive interference?
New info interferes with ability to recall old info, think retro and old
67
What is an engram?
Physical change that takes place in the brain as memory is formed
68
What is the hippocampus responsible for?
Consolidation
69
What is consolidation?
Lengthy process of changes that take place in neurons when an engram is formed

Psychology (12 decks)

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