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Psychology GRE > Chapter 1 - Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Social Psychology Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

Norman Triplett

A

first study of social psychology, effect of competition on performance

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2
Q

William McDougall and E.H.Ross

A

First textbooks on social psychology

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3
Q

Verplank

A

social approval influences behavior, contribution to reinforcement theory

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4
Q

Reinforcement Theory

A

Verplank, Pavlov, Thorndike, Hull, Skinner

behavior is motivated by anticipated rewards

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5
Q

Social Learning Theorists

A

Opposed early reinforcement theory, Albert Bandura

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6
Q

Albert Bandura

A

behavior is learned through imitation

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7
Q

Role Theory

A

people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill and much of their observable behavior can be attributed to adopting those roles

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8
Q

Attitudes

A

cognitions or beliefs, feelings, and behavioral predispositions

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9
Q

Consistency theories

A

people prefer consistency, if there is inconsistency, people will try and resolve it

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10
Q

Fritz Heider’s Balance Theory

A

three elements are related: person whom we’re talking about (P), some other person(O), and a thing, ida, or some other person (X) - balance will exist if there are one or three positives

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11
Q

Leon Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

behavior that conflicts with an attitude may result in changing one’s attitude so that it is consistent

  1. If a person is pressured to say or do something contrary to his or her privately held attitudes there will be a tendency for him or her to change those attitudes.
  2. The greater the pressure to comply, the less this attitude change. Ultimately, attidue change generally occurs when the behavioris induced with minimum pressure.
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12
Q

Free-choice Dissonance

A

a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives

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13
Q

Post-decisional Dissonance

A

dissonance emerging after choice

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14
Q

Spreading of alternatives

A

relative worth of the two alternatives is spread apart (cognitive dissonance theory; accentuating the positive in a choice made reduces the value of a choice not made: choice A is better than choice B)

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15
Q

Forced-compliance dissonance

A

comes from anticipated punishment or reward, this dissonance is created by being forced into behavior

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16
Q

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)

A

When behavior can be justified by means of external inducements there is no need to change internal cognitions (cognitive dissonance experiment)

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17
Q

Minimal Justification Effect/Insufficient Justification Effect

A

When external justification is minimal,dissonance is reduced by changing internal cognitions (cognitive dissonance theory)

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18
Q

Daryl Bem’s self-perception theory

A

people infer what their attitudes are based upon observation of their own behavior

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19
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

If you reward people for something they’re already doing, they may stop liking it

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20
Q

Carl Hovland

A

persuasion = the communicator, the communication, and the situation

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21
Q

Carl Hovland and Walter Weiss (1952)

A

study on source credibility, showed highly credible sources were more effective in short term, and sleeper effect

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22
Q

Sleeper Effect

A

Over time, persuasive impact of high credibility sources decrease and persuasive impact of low credibility sources increase (Hovland and Weiss 1952)

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23
Q

Petty and Cacioppo’s Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

A

two routes to persuasion: central and peripheral

central: strength of argument matters
peripheral: surroundings and arguer matter

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24
Q

William McGuire

A

analogy of inoculation with cultural truisms - when not inoculated quite susceptible to attack

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25
Belief perseverance
hold beliefs even after shown to be false
26
Reactance
try too hard to persuade someone of something they will choose to believe the opposite of yoru position
27
Leon Festinger's Social Comparison Theory
we are drawn to affiliate because of a tendency to evaluate ourselves in relationship to other people 1. People prefer to evaluate themselves by objective, nonsocial means. However when this is not possible, people evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparing them to those of other people. 2. The Less the similarity between two people, the less the tendency to make these comparisons. 3. When a discrepancy exists there is a tendency to change one's position to move it in line with the group.
28
Stanley Shachter
greater anxiety does lead to greater desire to affiliate
29
Reciprocity Hypothesis
We tend to like people who indicate that they like us, and the inverse (dislike people who dislike us)
30
Aronson and Linder
Gain-Loss Principle
31
Gain-Loss Principle
Evaluation that changes will have more of an impact
32
Social Exchange Theory
People attempt to maximize rewards and minimize costs when making affiliation/attraction decisions.
33
Equity Theory
We consider not only our own costs and benefits of social exchanges but the costs and rewards of the other person. We prefer our ratio of costs to rewards be equal to the other person's ratio.
34
Similarity
Correlations have been found between affiliation and similarity.
35
Need Complementarity
People choose relationships so that they mutually satisfy each other's needs
36
Physical Attractiveness
A determinate of attraction
37
Attractiveness Stereotype
tendency to attribute positive qualities and desirable characteristics to attractive people
38
Spatial Proximity
People will generally develop a greater liking for someone who is closer in space.
39
Mere Exposure Hypothesis
Repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to nhanced liking for it
40
Robert Zajone
Key figure in mere-exposure research
41
Helping Behavior
Behaviors that benefit other individuals or groups of people, altruism is a type of helping behavior, so are acts motivated by egoism or selfishness
42
Altruism
person's intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to himself or herself, type of helping behavior
43
John Darley and Bibb Latane
Bystander Intervention
44
Bystander Intervention
Darley and Latane, Tested social influence factors (steam from a radiator) and diffusion of responsibility factors (seizure over the internet)
45
Social Influence
Influence of other people present
46
Pluralistic Ignorance
Leading others to a definition of an event as a nonemergency
47
Diffusion of Responsibility
The fact that others are in a position to help may sway the person toward not helping.The more people present the less the likelihood that any individual will offer to help (Darley and Latane)
48
Empathy
ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another
49
Batson's empathy-altruism model
In situations in which others may need help, people might feel distress and/or empathy, either can determine helping behavior Subjects in the easy-escape condition reporting more distress than empathy tended to leave rather than help, subjects who reported more empathy than distress were more likely to help in both conditions.
50
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
When people are frustrated, they act aggressively
51
Bandura's Social Learning Theory
Aggression is learned through modeling or through reinforcement, "Bobo" doll experiment
52
Modeling
direct observation
53
Autokinetic Effect
If you stare at a point of light in a room that is otherwise completely dark, the light will appear to move
54
Muzafer Sherif
Individuals conformed to the group (autokinetic effect); their judgements converged on some group norm.
55
Conformity
Yeilding to group pressure when no explicit demand has been made to do so
56
Soloman Asch
Length of Lines Conformity Experiment
57
Stanley Milgram's Experiment
Results indicated that the drive to obey was stronger than the drive not to hurt someone against his will. In a separate study, two confederated defy the experiment, 90 % of subjects follow lead. With intermediary confederate to push button, more participants stayed until the end.
58
Foot-in-the-door effect
Compliance with a small request increases the likelihood of compliance with a larger request
59
Door-in-the-face effect
People who refuse a large initial request are more likely to agree to a later smaller request
60
Clark and Clark (1947)
Doll preference task
61
Doll Preference Task
Clark and Clark (1947) Majority of white and black children preferred white doll, used to argue against school segregation in 1954, later (1960s) black children held positive views of their own ethnicity
62
Personal Identity
The more salient the identity, the more we conform to the role expectations of the identities
63
Social Perception
Ways in which we form impressions about the characteristics of individuals and of groups of people
64
Primacy Effect
Situations where first impressions are more important
65
Recency Effect
Situations where the most recent impressions are the most important
66
Attribution Theory
Individuals infer the causes of other people's behavior - Heider: dispositional causes and situational causes
67
Franz Heider
Balance Theory, founding father of attribution theory
68
Fundamental Attribution Error
General bias towards dispositional causes
69
Halo Effect
Allow a general impression to influence other more specific evaluationsabout a person
70
M. J. Lerner
tendency of individuals to believe in a just world, increases likelihood of blaming the victim
71
Theodore Newcomb
demonstrating the influence of group norms, Bennington College Study
72
Edward Hall
There are cultural norms that govern how far we stand from the people we're speaking to
73
Proxemics
study of how individuals space themselves in relation to others
74
Zajonc
presence of others increases arousal, enhancing the emission of dominant responses
75
Social Loafing
tendency for people to put forth less effort when part of a group effort than when acting individually
76
Philip Zimbardo
people are more laikely to commit antisocial acts when they feel anonymous, prison simulation
77
Deindividuation
loss of self-awareness and of personal identity
78
Prison Simulation
Philip Zimbardo, overwhelmed by the roles they were playing, began acting out those roles forgetting that they were actually university students, deindividuation
79
Irving Janis
Groupthink leads to wrong decisions
80
Groupthink
tendency of decision-making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant information (ex. Bay of Pigs)
81
Risky Shift
Group decisions are riskier than the average of individual choices
82
Value Hypothesis
Risky shift occurs in situations where riskiness is culturally valued
83
James Stoner
Shift with group decisions toward caution instead of risk
84
Group Polarization
tendency for group discussion to enhance the group's initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution
85
Leadership and Communication
Artificially increasing the amount a person speaks increases that person's perceived leadership status
86
Kurt Lewin
Boy's after school program leadership experiment - Autocratic-quantity of work greater, hostile, aggressive, dependent on their leader Democratic-motivation and interest stronger, satisfying, more cohesive Laissez-Faire - least organized, least efficient, least satisfying
87
Cooperation
Persons act together for their mutual benefit
88
Competition
Person acts for his or her individual benefit for a goal that has limited availability
89
Prisoner's Dilemma
Look up in terms of comp/coop
90
Muzafer Sherif
Cooperative activities promoted status hierarchy, role differentiation, norms for behavior, and self-adopted names, competition promoted name calling, physical encounters, and raids, contacts failed to reduce hostilities but superordinate goals were effective
91
Superordinate goals
Goals best obtained through intergroup cooperation
92
Aronson, E. Linder, D.
Proposed gain-loss principle(an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant)
93
Asch, S.
Studied conformity by asking subjects to compare the lenghts of lines
94
Bem, D.
Developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory
95
Clark, K., Clark, M.
Performed study on doll preferences in African-American children: the results were used in teh 1954 Brown v. the Topeka Board of Education Supreme Court case.
96
Darley, J., Latene, B.
Proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility
97
Eagly, A.
Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender per se, but to differing social roles
98
Festinger, L.
Developed cognitive dissonance theory; also developed Social Comparison Theory
99
Hall, E.
Studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions
100
Heider, F.
Developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational
101
Hovland, C.
Studied attitude Change
102
Janis, I.
Developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision-making can sometimes go awry.
103
Lerner, M.
Proposed concept of belief in a just world.
104
Lewin, K.
Divided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire.
105
McGuire, W.
Studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion.
106
Milgram, S.
Studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers
107
Newcomb, T.
Studied political norms
108
Petty, R., Cacioppo, J.
Developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes to persuasion)
109
Zajonc, R.
Studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses
110
Zimbardo, P
Performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results

Psychology GRE (8 decks)

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