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Psychology GRE > Learning and Ethology > Flashcards

Learning and Ethology Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

A

one of the earliest psychologists to study learning, functionalist, early behaviorist, law of effect

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2
Q

Functionalist

A

Edward Thorndike, focusing on how the mind functioned in adapting to the environment

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3
Q

Classical Conditioning/Respondent Conditioning

A

John Watson (1920), Little Albert learned to fear white rats since they were assocaited with loud noise, Ivan Pavlov

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4
Q

Behaviorism

A

dominant after Watson until about 1960, Edwin Guthrie, BF Skinner

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5
Q

Clark Hull’s Theory of Motivation/Drive-Reduction Theory

A

goal of behavior is to reduce biological drives, reinforcement occurs whenever a biological drive is reduced

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6
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

beginning of ethology, rejected idea that animal behavior could be understood int he laboratory, only out in the field

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7
Q

Ian Pavlov

A

credited with the founding of basic principles of classical conditioning, salvation of dogs in response to food

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8
Q

Reflex

A

unlearned response that is elicited by a specific stimulus

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9
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

food in Pavlov experiment

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10
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

salivaiton in Pavlov expirment

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11
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

Bell in Pavlov expiriment

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12
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Salivation (after the bell) in the Pavlov expirment

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13
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

after extinction, the CS (reduced) still occurs

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14
Q

Generalization

A

similar stimuli to the CS, elicits CR

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15
Q

Second Order Conditioning

A

neutral stimulus is paired with a CS, ticking to bell to salivation

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16
Q

Sensory preconditioning

A

light with bell, bell with UCS, then light with UCS even though never presented together

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17
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

late 1960s, suggested classical conditioning was a matter of learning signals for UCS, contigency explanation of classical conditioning, learning signals for the UCS

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18
Q

Blocking

A

CS and UCS must be contingent, but the CS must also provide nonredundant information about the occurrence of the UCS in order for the conditioning to occur

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19
Q

Operant Conditioning/Instrumental Conditioning/Reward Learning

A

learning th relationship between one’s actions and their consequences

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20
Q

Law of Effect

A

EL Thorndike, 20th centuray, if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the animal will be less likely to emit the same response in the future

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21
Q

BF Skinner

A

agreed with Thorndike, rejected the stress on mentalistic teemrms such as satisfying and annoying, moved to positive reinforcement negative reinforcement punshiment and extinction

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22
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

taking away or preventing something undesireable whenever the desired response is made, escape and avoidance

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23
Q

Escape

A

behavior removes something undesiralble

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24
Q

Avoidance

A

warning that an aversive stimulus will soon occur, the appropriate resonse completely avoids the aversive stimulus

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25
Discriminative stimulus (SD)
stimulus condition that indicates that the organism's behavior will have consequences, illuminating light that decides whether or not behavior will be reinforced
26
Partial Reinforcement Effect
Takes longer to extinct behavior learned from partial reinforcement
27
Fixed Ratio Partial Reinforcement (FR)
only after a fixed number of responses, after every five lever pressess, reinforcement
28
Variable-Ratio (VR) Partial reinforcement
reinforcement after a varying number of responses, on average every five lever presses, most rapid response rate, most resistant to extinction
29
Fixed-Interval (FI) Partial Reinforcement
reinforced on the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement, after the first lever press after 45 seconds have passed since the last reinforcement
30
Variable-Interval (VI) Partial Reinforcement
for the first response made after a variable amount of time has elapsed since the last reinfrocer, average time interval period
31
Continuous Reinforcement Schedle (CRF)/FR 1
Reinforcement for every lever press
32
Shaping/Differential Reinforcement
reinforce successive approximations to the desired behavior, reinforce the desired response while extinguishing others
33
Behavior Therapies/Behavior Modification
pased on conditioning, based on classical and operant
34
Flooding
client experiences CS without the US that originally elicted fear (to extinguish phobia), based on classical conditioning
35
Systematic Desensitization, Counter Conditioning
Conditioned AversionJoseph Wolpe, in a state of relaxation, imagine the least anxiety-producing situation i n the hierarchy and proceeds up , relaxation responses are reinforced to the anxiety-invoking stimulus based on Classical conditioning
36
Conditioned Aversion
therapy based on classical conditioning, undesired stimulus that attracts the client becomes paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus associated with a punishment
37
Implosion
based on classical conditioning, forcing the client to imagine the feared object (CS)
38
Contingency Management
based on operant conditioning, behavioral contracts, time-out procedures, token economes and Premack Principle
39
Behavioral Contract
negotiated agreement, based on operant conditioning, between two parties that explicitly states the behavioral change that is desired and indicates consequences of certain acts
40
Time-Out
based on operant conditioning, remove the client from the reinforcing situationb efore he receives the reinforcement for his behavior, it will not be reinforced and will eventually cease
41
Token Economies
based on operant conditioning, given for desirable behaviors and taken away for various undesirable behaviors, tokens can be exchanged for rewards and privileges, useful at mental hospitals
42
Premack Principe
more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity , requiring homework before play
43
Puzzle Box
what Thorndike used to decide that all animal learnign was trial and error type
44
Wolfgang Kohler
cofounder of the school of gestalt psychology, disagreed with trial and error learning as the only kind, some animals have insight, chimp experiments
45
Insight
Kohler, perception of the inner relationships between factors that are essential to solving a problem
46
Edward Tolman
rats in mazes to show that behavior isn't always simple matter of stimulus-response reinforcement, cognitive map
47
Cognitive Map
Tolman, mental representation of physical space
48
Biological Constraints
different species have different inborn predisspositions to learn different things in different ways, affecting all kinds of ocnditioning
49
Garcia Effect
John Garcia, Preparedness - mice
50
Preparedness
inborn tendency to associate certain stimuli with certain consequences, associate nausea with something ingested and sound with externally induced pain
51
Keller and Marion Breland
1950s, instinctual drift raccoons
52
Albert bandura
Bobo doll experiment, behavior could be learned by observation, vicarious reinfrocement
53
Ethology
study of animal behavior under natural conditions
54
Niko Tinbergen
experimental methods into the field
55
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
certain action patterns are relatively stereotyped and appear to be species-typical, more complex than pavlovian unconditioned response, ex. rolling an egg back to a nest, triggered by sign stimuli and releasers
56
Sign stimuli
stimulus that are sufficient to bring about a particular FAP, Thorndike's sticklebacks red belly
57
Releasers
sign stimuli that function as signals from one animal to another, particular environmental stimulus that sets off a specific behavior, red belly
58
Supernormal Stimulus
a stimulus that is more effective at triggering FAP than the actual stimulus found in nature
59
Innate releasing mechanism (IRM)
some mechanism in the nervous system that serves to connect the stimulus to the right response
60
Reproductive isolating mechanisms
prevent animals onf one species from attempting to mate with animals of a closely related species
61
Karl von Fisch
honeybees are able to communicate the direction and distance of food by dances
62
EO Wilson
sociobiology, behavior is due to a complex and dynamic interplay between genetics and environment

Psychology GRE (8 decks)

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