Physiological Psychology Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
Franz Gall (1758-1828)
A
earliest theories that behavior, intellect, and even personlaity might be linked to brain anatomy - phrenology
2
Q
Pierre Flourens
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19th century, first to study major sections of the brain, extirpation/ablation
3
Q
Extirpation/Ablation
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various parts of the brain are surgically removed and behavioral consequences are observed. brain had specific parts for specific functions, removal of one part weakes the whole brain
4
Q
William James (1842-1910)
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mind functioned in an adapting environment, formed functionalism
5
Q
Functionalism
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James, how mental processes help individuals adapt tot their environments
6
Q
John Dewey
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1959 - 1952, functionalism, criticized the concept of reflex arc, study the organism as a whole
7
Q
Paul Broca
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1960, studied people with brain damage, Broca’s area
8
Q
Phineas Gage
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1848, “no longer gage”, knowledge of the prefrontal cortex
9
Q
Johannes Muller
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nervous system underlies behavior, law of specific nerve energies
10
Q
Law of specific Nerve Energies
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Johannes Muller, each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy, sensation depends more ont he part of the brain that the nerves stimulate than ont he particular stimulus that activates them
11
Q
Hermann von Helmholtz
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speed of nerve impulse, transition of psychology into natural sciences
12
Q
Sir Charles Shrrington
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inferred existence fo synapses, although he thought it was electrical even thoguh it is chemical
13
Q
Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)
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from receptors in the spinal cord and brain
14
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motor neurons (efferent neurons)
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motor information from brain and spinal cord to the muscles
15
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Interneurons
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between other neurons, most numerous, located predominantly in the brain and spinal cord linked to reflexive behavior
16
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Reflex Arcs
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You understand these
17
Q
Central Nervous System
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brain and spinal cored
18
Q
Peripheral Nervous System
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nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord, subdivided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems
19
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Somatic Nervous System
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Part of peripheral nervous system, sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin and muscles, efferent and afferent fibers
20
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autonomic nervous system
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part of peripheral nervous system, Walter Cannon, regulates heartbeat, respiration and digestions, and glandular secretion, automatic functions, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
21
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Conserves energy, part of autonomic nervous system, resting and digestingAcetylcholine
22
Q
Sympathetic Nervous System
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part of autonomic nervous system, fight or flight, decrease digestive, adrenaline
23
Q
Hindbrain
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where the brain meets the spinal cord, balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and general arousal such as sleeping and waking, vital survival functions
24
Q
Midbrain
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sensorimotor reflexes that promote survival, receives sensory and motor information, involuntary reflex in response to visual or auditory
25
Forebrain
complex perceptual cognitive and behavioral processes, emotion and memory, greatest influence on human behavior
26
Brainstem
most primitive region of the brain, hindbrain and midbrain
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Limbic System
neural structures primarily assocated with emotion and memory, aggression, fear, pleasure and pain
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Cerebral Cortex
outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres, language processing to problem solving,impulse control to long term planning
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Phelogeny
evolutionary development in humans
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Medulla Oblongata
vital functioning (breathing, digesting) hindbrain
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Pons
sensory and motor tracts between cortex and medulla, hindbrain
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Cerebellum
posture and balance, coordinates body, refined motor movements
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Reticular Formation
hindbrain to midbrain, arousal and alertness, attention, anasthetics
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Colliculi
Superior and Inferior Colliculus
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Superior Colliculus
visual sensory input, midbrain "sees"
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Inferior colliculus
sensory information from the auditory system, midbrain
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Thalamus
forebrain, sensory "way-station",
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Hypothalamus
Hunger and thirst; emotion, hormone functions, drive behaviors, fight or flight - feeding, fighting, fleeing and sexual functioning (4 Fs)
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Osomoregulation
maintenance of water balance in teh body (osmo receptors hypothalamus)
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Walter Cannon
Peripheral Nervous System, homeostasis
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Lateral Hypothalamus
hunger center
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Aphagia
Lateral hypothalamus is destroyed and lab rats die of hunger/thirst do not feed themselves
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Ventromedial Hypothalamus
satiety center, tells you when you've had enough to eat
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Hyperphagia
brain lesions in ventromedial hypothalamus lead to obesity, unknown when they are full
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Anterior Hypothalamus
electrical stimulation casues aggressive sexual behavior,damage causes permanent inhibition of sexual activity
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Basal Ganglia
msucle movement, receives information from teh spinal cord- may play a role in Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia
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Extrapyramidal motor system
gathers information about body position from the basal ganglia and carries this information to the brain and spinal cord, makes movements smooth and posture steady
48
Ventricles
fluid-filled cavaties in the middle of the brain that link up with the spinal canal that runs down the middle of the spinal cord, filled with cerebrospinal fluid, abnormally enlarged ones are seen in social withdrawal, flat affect and catatonic states seen inschizophrenia
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Limbic System
interconnected structures looping around the central portion of the brain, emotion and memory, septum, amygdala, hippocampus, some hypothalamus and cortex, lies in oldest part of cerebral hemispheres, second part of the brain to evolve
50
Septum/Septal area
primary pleasure centers int eh brain, part of limbic system, stimulation causes sexual arousal and pleasure reward sites and inhibits aggression, if damaged aggressive behavior goes unchecked
51
James Olds and Peter Milner
rats septal regions stimulated, found it so pleasrueable that they preferred it to eating,
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Septal Rage
septal area damaged and aggressive beahvior goes unchecked
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Amygdala
defensive and aggressive behaviors, when damaged aggression and fear are reduced and hypersexuality
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Heinrick Kluver and Paul Bucy/Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
linked amygdala with defensive and aggressive behavior in monkeys , syndrome resulting from bilateral removal of amygdala
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Hippocampus
learning and memory processes, HM
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Anterograde amnesia
not being able to establish new long-term memories, memory for distant events intact (HM)
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Retrograde amnessia
loss of events that transpired before brain injury
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Brenda Milner
described HMs memory problems in detail (anterograde amnesia)
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Cerebral Cortex/Neocortex
outer surface of the brain, convulsions (numerous bumps and folds)
60
Frontla Lobe
Prefrontal cortex and motor cortex
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Prefrontal cortex
executive function, supervises and directs the operations of other brain regions
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Association Area
ex. prefrontal cortex, an area that combines input from diverse brain regions
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Projection areas
receive incoming sensory information or send out motor-impulse commands, ex. visual cortex, motor cortex
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Prefrontal lobotomies
used to treat schizophrenia in 1950s
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Motor Cortex
initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spinal cord twoard the muscles, projection area
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Parietal Lobe
somatosensory cortex, spatial processing and manipulation
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Somatosensory cortex
parietal lobe, somatosensory information processing, projection area destination for all incoming sensory singnals for touch, pressure, temparature and pain
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Occipital Lobes
visual cortex (striate cortex), learning, motor control
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Striate Cortex
Visual Cortex
70
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel
work on the physiology of visual perception
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Temporal Lobes
auditory cortex and Wernike's area, memory processing, emotional control, language, hippocampus
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Wernicke's area
language reception and comprehension
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Ipsilaterally
matching hemisphere controls matching side of body
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Roger Sprerry and Michael Gazzaniga
effects of severing the corpus callosum, split brain
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The cell body
Soma, contains nucleus, energy center
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Dendrites
branch out from cell body to receive incoming information from other neurons via postsynaptic receptors, external stimulation leads nureon to fire or generate an electrical impulse
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Axon
end branches out into numerous terminal buttons
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Terminal Buttons
end of axon containing vesicles, sacs, filled with neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters
chemical substances released when neuron fires, flow into tny space separating terminal uttons from dendrites of another neuron (synapse!)
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Glial Cells
insulate axons with protective myelin sheath
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Resting POtential
slight electrical charge (negative) stored inside the neuron's cell membrane, wiating to be transformed into a nerve impulse, - 70 mV
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Cell Membrane/Membrane Potential
thin layer of fatty molecules that separates hte inside of the neuron from the outside, semipermeable
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Ions
small ones can pass through the cell membrane but larger ones are blocked
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Polarized
charge outside the neuron is more positive, negative charge inside, resting stage
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Sodium-Potassium Pump
Potassium ions located inside the cell Sodium Outside, actively pumps Sodium out to keep resting potential, keeps Potassium in
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Depolarization
second stage of action potential, occurs when a stimulus ahas been significant enough to cause the membrane's potential to increase to the threshold (-50 mV from -70 mV), actual firing of neuron
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Action Potential Spike
when membrane produces rapid electrical pulse after reaching threshold/depolarization, membrane suddenly allows in sodium ions
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Repolarization
third step of action potential, allows positive potassium to exit the cell
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Hyperpolarization
last stage of action potential, cell overshoots negative charge after repolarization
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Refractory period
time before the neuron can fire again, absolute refractory and relative refractory
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Absolute Refractory Period
achievement of action potential, neuron is completely unresponsive to additional stimulation
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Relative Refractory Period
once neuron has reached potential spike, during hyper polarization a stronger stimulation is required to reach threshold potential
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All-or-nothing law
when depolarization reaches critical threshold (-50 mV) the neuron is going to fire, each time, every time
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Axon Hillock
small elevation on a neuron where the axon meets the cell body wher ethe action potential originates, graded potential in the cell body is converted into the all or nothing potential of the axon
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Saltatory Conduction
efficient conduction along a myelinated axon
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Nodes of Ranvier
gapes in myelinated sheath along the axon, depolarization occurs at the node, jumping from node to node
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Synapse
Synaptic Cleft
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Presynaptcic Membrane
membrane of the terminal button that faces the synapse, stores vesicles that store neurotransmitters
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Postsynaptic membrane
within dendrite has receptors
100
Reuptake
when neurotransmitters are drawn back into the vesicles of the terminal buttons
101
Binding
neurotransmitters fitting to receptors
102
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
postsynaptic potential that makes a neuron more likely to fire
103
Inhibitory POstsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
makes a neuron less likely to fire
104
Graded potentials
postsynaptic potentials in the dendrites have voltage that can vary in intensity, not subject to the all or nothing law, depend on neurotransmitters
105
Eric Kandle
simple neural networks in aplysia, snails with identifiable nerve cells - reflexes, habituation
106
Acetylocholine
neurotransmitter found in both the central and eripheral nervous systems, used ot ransmit nerve impulses to the muscles, linked to Alzheimers (loss of this neurotransmitter in the hippocampus)
107
Catecholamines
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, also called monoamines or biogenic amines, experience of emotions
108
Norepinephrine
Catecholamine, also known as noradrenaline, controls alertness and wakefulness, implicated in depression and mania, too much is mania, ltoo little and depression
109
Dopamine
Catecholamine, movement and posture, high concentrations found inb asal ganglia, imbalance in transmission have been found in schizophrenia, amphetamines produce excessive amounts, phenothiazines reduces sensitivity of these receptors
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Phenothiazines
reduce the sensitivity of dopamine receptors
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Tardive dyskinesia
disruptions of dopamine transmission lead to jerky movements associated with Parkinson's, side effects of long-term antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia
112
L-dopa
treatment for motor distrubances in Parkinson's , increases dopamine levels, can produce psychotic symptoms
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Serotonin
monoamine or biogenicamine transmitter, regulates mood, eating, sleeping and arousal, role in depression and mania
114
Monoamine Theory of depression
grouping together of serotonin and norepinephrine effects on mania and depression
115
GABA
produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and is thought to play an important role in stabilizing neural activity, causes hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic membrane, anxiety disordered
116
Peptides
two or more aminoacids joined together, ex. endorphins and enkephalins
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Neuromodulators/Neuropeptides
longer effects on postsynaptic cell than neurotransmitters
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Endorphins
Peptide/Neuromodulator pain killer
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Sedative-hypnotic drugs/depressants
slow down the functioning of the central nervous system, reduce anxiety, produce sedation, or anesthesia, synergistic, includes benzodiazepines and barbiturates, GABA
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Synergistic
additive in effect
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Barbituates
relatively potent tranquilizers
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Benzodiazepines
tranquilizers used for anxiety
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Korsakoff's Syndrome
chronic alcoholics, disturbances in memory, major sympotoms is anterograde amnesia, vitamin deficiency in thiamin, vitamin B1, malnutrition found in alcoholics
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Behavioral Stimulants
increase behavioral activity by increasing motor activity or counteracting fatigue, amphetamines
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amphetamines
behavioral stimulants that speed up the central nervous system in ways that mimc the action of sympathetic nervous system, stimulate receptors for dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin
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Antidepressants
behavioral stimulants, tricyclics and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
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Trycyclic antidepressants
facilitate transmission of norepinephrine or serotonin in the synapse, block reuptake of monoamines
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MAO inhibitors
inhibit the action of MAO enzyme which normally breaks down and deactivates norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Prozac, inhibits reuptake of serotonin
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Methylphenidate
Ritalin, treat children with ADD, increases alertness and decreases motor activity, amphetamine
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Thorazine, Chlorpromazine, Phenothiazine, Haloperidol (Haldol)
antipsychotic drugs for delusional thinking, hallucinations, agitation, commonly associated with schizophrenia, block receptor sites for dopamine, difficult for dopamine to bind
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Lithium Carbonate
prescribed ofr bipolar, prevents mood swings
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Opium, Heroin, and morphine
narcotics, pain relievers, bind directly to opiate receptors in the brain, mimic endorphines or naturally occuring painkillers
134
Psychedelics
alter sensory and cognitive processes
135
Endocrine System
thyroid - body growth, epinephrine (also neurotransmitter) for fight or flight, sexual function
136
Pituitary Gland
base of the brain
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Anterior Pituitary Gland
regulates activities of endocrine glands, controled by hypothalamus, effect primary and secondary sex characteristics
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Primary sex characteristics
present at birth
139
Secondary sex characterics
present after puberty
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Androgens
male development hormone during fetal development, testosterone
141
Androgen-insensitivity syndrome
if the fetus does not produce or cannot use androgens, follows female pattern
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Gonadoptropic Hormons/Gonadotropins
puberty pituitary gland produces thse, dramatic increase in the production of hormones by the testes or ovaries
143
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
pituitary glad secretes, stimulates the gorowth of an ovarian follicale which is a small-protective sphere surrounding the egg or ovum
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
associated with ovulation, release of the egg from one fothe ovaries
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Estrogen
associated with maturation and release of the egg from the ovary
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Progesterone
prepare the uterus for implantation oft he fertizlized egg
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Sterotaxic instrument
device used to locate brain areas when electrodes are implanted to amake leasions or stimulate nerve cell activity
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Wilder Penfield
electrically stimulating and recording brain activity, leads individual neurons to fire
149
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel
single-cell recording, visual cortex of cats
150
electroencephalograph
produces EEG
151
rCBF regional cerebral blood flow
detects patterns fo neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain - CAT PET and MRI
152
A.R. Luria
wrote about many neuropsychological disorders
153
Agnosia
impairment in visual recognition, cortical area results in visual agnosia
154
Apraxia
impairment in the organization of motor action, problem i sin the damage to the nearby association area to the projection area in the motor cortex
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Dementias
loss in intellectual functioning, alzheimers, huntington's chorea and parkinsons disease,
156
Sleep Stage 1
appearance of sleep spindles, short bursts of alpha waves
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Stage 2
theta waves , K complexes
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Stage 3
few sleep waves her second, delta waves
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Stage 4
delta is slowest, sleep spindles are steepest
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Rapid Eye Movement
look like beta, desynchronized, eyes constantly moving
161
James-Langeu Theory
late 19th century, we become aware of our emotion after we notice our physiological reactions
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Cannon-Bard Theory
awareness of emotions reflects our physiological arousal and our cognitive experience, occur simultaneously
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Schacter-Singer Theory/Two-factor theory of emotion
subjective experience of emotion is based on interaction between changes in pysiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of tha arousal, individual's appraisal of the situation determines hte interpretation
