Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding

Question 1

atoms

Answer 1

building blocks of matter, made of the nucleus and an electron cloud

Question 2

nucleus

Answer 2

contains the protons and neutrons which makes the mass of the atom

Question 3

electron cloud

Answer 3

made of electrons, determines the volume of the atoms

Question 4

protons

Answer 4

the charge is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to an electron

Question 5

neutral atom

Answer 5

number of protons will equal the number of electrons

Question 6

atomic number

Answer 6

number of protons in the nucleus of an element

Question 7

cation

Answer 7

positively charged ion

Question 8

anion

Answer 8

negatively charged ion

Question 9

isotope

Answer 9

two atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons

Question 10

mass number

Answer 10

total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Question 11

atomic weight

Answer 11

weighted average of mass of all the isotopes, (amu)

Question 12

deuterium

Answer 12

the isotope of hydrogen

Question 13

elements in the same column

Answer 13

similar electronic and chemical properties

Question 14

orbitals

Answer 14

a region of space around the nucleus of an atom that is high in electron density, four different kinds, s, p, d, and f

Question 15

s orbital

Answer 15

sphere of electron density, lower in energy than the other orbitals because the electrons are kept closer to the nucleus

Question 16

p orbital

Answer 16

dumbbell shape, contains node, higher in energy than s orbital

Question 17

valence electrons

Answer 17

outermost electrons

Question 18

bonding

Answer 18

joining of two atoms in a stable arrangement

Question 19

compound

Answer 19

joining of two or more elements

Question 20

ionic bonding

Answer 20

transfer of electrons from one element to another

Question 21

covalent bond

Answer 21

sharing electrons between two nuclei

Question 22

molecules

Answer 22

compound of two or more atoms bonded together with covalent bonds

Question 23

lone pairs

Answer 23

nonbonded electrons found around the element when bonding

Question 24

lewis structure rules

Answer 24

1. draw only valence electrons
2. give each hydrogen two electrons

Question 25

formal charge

Answer 25

charge assigned to individual atoms in a lewis structure, valence electrons - (number of unshared electrons + 1/2 number of shared electrons)

Question 26

constitutional isomers

Answer 26

same molecular formula but different connectivity of their atoms

Question 27

resonance structures

Answer 27

two lewis structures with the same placement of atoms with different arrangements of electrons, not real, not in equilibrium with each other, not isomers

Question 28

bond length

Answer 28

average distance between the centers of two bonded nuclei

Question 29

bond angle

Answer 29

determines the shape around nay atom bonded to two other atoms

Question 30

molecular geometry

Answer 30

geometry of where atoms are in relation to the central atom

Question 31

linear molecular geometry

Answer 31

2 groups, 180 deg

Question 32

trigonal planar geometry

Answer 32

three groups, 120 degrees

Question 33

tetrahedral geometry

Answer 33

four groups, 109.5 degrees

Question 34

VSPER theory

Answer 34

electrons try to arrange themselves in the most stable way to minimize repulsive forces

Question 35

3-D structure lines

Answer 35

single line: bond in the plane wedge line: bond in front of the plane dashed line: bond behind the plane

Question 36

excited state

Answer 36

higher energy electron configuration

Question 37

hybridization

Answer 37

combination of 2 or more atomic orbitals to form the same number of hybrid orbitals

Question 38

sp3 orbital

Answer 38

tetrahedral, 109.5 degrees

Question 39

sp2 orbital

Answer 39

trigonal planar, 120 degrees

Question 40

sp orbital

Answer 40

linear, 180 degrees

Question 41

rotation

Answer 41

occurs around a C-C bond

Question 42

% s character in sp, sp3, and sp4

Answer 42

sp: 50% sp2: 33% sp3: 25%

Question 43

electronegativity

Answer 43

measure of atoms attraction for electrons in a bond, values indicate is the electrons are shared equally or not

Question 44

polar bond

Answer 44

unequal sharing of electrons, can create dipole momenets

Question 45

non polar bonds

Answer 45

equally shared electrons in a covalent bond

Question 46

dipole

Answer 46

partial separation of charge, due to differences in electronegative and charge