Chapter 1 - The Chemical Nature of Cells

Question 1

water

Answer 1

universal solvent
highly polar
main environment for metabolic reactions

Question 2

hydrophilic / polar

Answer 2

dissolves readily in water

Question 3

hydrophobic / non-polar

Answer 3

tend to be insoluble in water

Question 4

pH

Answer 4

measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Question 5

macromolecules

Answer 5

large organis molecules

Question 6

what is released when monomers join together

Answer 6

a water molecule

Question 7

monomers to these polymers:
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids

Answer 7

monosaccharides
amino acids
fatty acids and glycerol
nucleotides

Question 8

carbohydrate

Answer 8

COH

energy source and structural components

Question 9

monosaccharide

Answer 9

contains one sugar unit

glucose, fructose

Question 10

disaccharide

Answer 10

composed of two monosaccharide units

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 11

polysaccharide

Answer 11

polymers of monosaccharide

usually non-polar

Question 12

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 12

glycogen
starch
cellulose

Question 13

glycogen

Answer 13

storage carbohydrate (glucose) in liver and muscle tissues
converted to fat is in excess

Question 14

starch

Answer 14

main form of energy source in plants

humans can digest

Question 15

cellulose

Answer 15

main component of plant cell walls

humans can’t digest (need bacterial populations in gut)

Question 16

carbohydrate condensation

Answer 16

monosaccharides combine to form complex carbohydrates

water is released

Question 17

protein

Answer 17

NHCO - SP

control all metabolic processes within cells

Question 18

proteome

Answer 18

complete set of proteins produced by a cell

Question 19

how many naturally occurring amino acids? how many can humans make?

Answer 19

20 naturally occurring

humans manufacture 11 - rely of food for 9

Question 20

amino acid structure

Answer 20

central carbon atom (C)
hydrogen atom (H)
carboxyl group (COOH)
amino acid group (H2N)
R group

Question 21

what does the R group do in amino acids

Answer 21

distinguishes one amino acid from another

Question 22

dipeptide

Answer 22

two amino acids joined together

Question 23

polypeptide

Answer 23

macromolecule built of amino acids and linked by peptide bonds to form a single chain

Question 24

peptide bond

Answer 24

bonds that join amino acids

Question 25

protein primary structure

Answer 25

specific linear sequence of amino acids

Question 26

protein secondary structure

Answer 26

the folding of the amino acid chain alpha helices: tight coils beta pleated sheets: folding random loops

Question 27

protein tertiary structure

Answer 27

the complex 3D functional shape of the protein

Question 28

protein quaternary structure

Answer 28

two or more polypeptide chains interact to form a protein | haemoglobin

Question 29

lipids

Answer 29

COH fats, oils and waxes - hydrophobic energy storage, structural component in membranes

Question 30

3 types of lipids in membranes

Answer 30

phospholipid glycolipid cholesterol

Question 31

phospholipid

Answer 31

forms structural component of the plasma membrane

Question 32

glycolipid

Answer 32

projects out of plasma membrane | cellular communication and signalling

Question 33

cholesterol

Answer 33

embedded and myelin sheath maintain level rigidity Stabilising temp

Question 34

triglycerides

Answer 34

single glycerol molecule attached to 3 fatty acid molecules

Question 35

steroids

Answer 35

lipids | include sex hormones and cholesterol

Question 36

nucleic acids

Answer 36

COHNP | store info for chemical code

Question 37

DNA

Answer 37

``` deoxyribonucleic acid double helix: antiparallel sugar-phosphate back bone passes genetic info through generations contained in nucleus ```

Question 38

RNA

Answer 38

ribonucleic acid | 3 types: m, t, r

Question 39

structure of a nucleotide

Answer 39

five carbon sugar (ribose / deoxyribose) phosphate group nitrogenous base (ATGCU)

Question 40

genome

Answer 40

sum total of the genes present in a cell or organism

Question 41

mRNA

Answer 41

messenger RNA | carries genetic message to ribosomes where they are translated into a particular protein

Question 42

tRNA

Answer 42

transfer RNA molecules that carry amino acids to ribosomes where they are used to construct proteins has anticodons

Question 43

rRNA

Answer 43

ribosomal RNA together with proteins, makes the ribosomes found in cytosol found in ribosomes

Question 44

protein synthesis

Answer 44

RNA takes the information on the DNA strand and creates the proteins necessary for life transcription, translation

Question 45

differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 45

R: uracil, 3 types, ribose D: thymine, double stranded, 1 type, deoxyribose, longer