Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology Exam > Chapter 9 - Genes, Chromosomes and Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Genes, Chromosomes and Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

gamete

A

egg or sperm cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

germ cells

A

give rise to gametes and are found in the gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

somatic cells

A

cells of the body other than sex cells

die when the organism dies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

genotype

A

the double set of genetic instructions present in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

phenotype

A

visible expression of the genotype in its structural, biochemical and physiological characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chromosome

A

thread-like structures composed of DNA and protein, and visible in cells during mitosis and meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

chromatid

A

part of a double stranded chromosome

sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

diploid number in somatic cells

A

2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many chromosomes to humans have

A

46 chromosomes

23 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

haploid number in gametes

A

n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

diploid

A

refers to organisms or cells having two copies of each specific chromosome
paired set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

haploid

A

having one copy of each specific chromosomes
half
unpaired chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

karyotype

A

the complete set of chromosome images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

autosomes

A

22 matched pairs of chromosomes in both males and females

non-sex determining chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

heterosome

A

sex chromosomes

X and Y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

have the same gene location at the cnetromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

non-homologous chromsomes

A

non-matching chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cell cycle

A

interphase
M phase
G0 phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cell cycle interphase

A 
g1 phase (gap 1)
s phase (synthesis)
g2 phase (gap 2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

G1 phase - interphase

A

metabolic changes prepare the cell for division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

S phase - interphase

A

DNA replicated

each chromosome now 2 sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

G2 phase - interphase

A

double checks

metabolic changes assemble the cytoplasmic materials necessary for mitosis and cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

M phase cell cycle

A

mitosis followed by cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

G0 phase cell cycle

A

cells are inactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
mitosis
cell division that produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell PMAT
26
mitosis - prophase
break down of nuclear membrane spindle fibres appear chromosomes condense
27
mitosis - metaphase
chromosomes align along the centre line
28
mitosis - anaphase
centromeres divide | sister chromatids move to opposite poles
29
mitosis - telophase
nuclear membrane reform chromosomes decondense spindle fibres disappear
30
mitosis - cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides | parent cell becomes 2 daughter cells with identical genetic information
31
meiosis
2 cell divisions that produces gametes diploid to haploid produces random combinations PMATPMAT
32
meiosis - prophase 1
DNA condenses, forming chromosomes synapsis crossing over
33
synapsis
homologous chromosomes lie side by side
34
meiosis - metaphase 1
chromosome pairs line up at the equator | independent assortment
35
meiosis - anaphase 1
disjunction
36
disjunction
double stranded homologous chromosomes seperate from each other
37
meiosis - telophase 1 and cytokinesis 1
nuclear membrane reforms | two intermediate haploid cells
38
meiosis - prophase 2
nuclear membrane breaks down | spindle forms
39
meiosis - metaphase 2
chromosomes line up at the equator | independent assortment
40
meiosis - anaphase 2
sister chromatids seperate and become individual chromosomes of the daughter cells
41
meiosis - telophase 2 and cytokinesis 2
nuclear membrane reform | 4 haploid gametes
42
independent assortment
the process of random segregation and assortment of chromosomes during metaphase 1 of meiosis resulting in the production of genetically unique gametes
43
crossing over
Prophase 1 exchange of corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes new combinations of alleles of linked genes
44
recombinant
gametes that carry new combinations of linked alleles different from those present in the parental organisms
45
aneuploidy
more or less chromosomes due to non-disjunction in either anaphase 1 or 2
46
polysomy / polyploidy
reduplication of some of the chromosomes more than 1 of a particular chromosome e.g. down syndrome
47
monosomy
cell has only one copy of a particular chromosome
48
trisomy
three instances of a particular chromosome
49
chromosome - duplication
pert of chromosome is duplication
50
chromosome - deletion
part of chromosome is missing
51
chromosome - inversion
order of genes is reversed
52
chromosome - translocation
part of a chromosome or whole chromosome changes location and moves to another homologous chromosome
53
non-disjunction
failure of normal separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis or failure of normal separation of the two strands of a double-stranded chromosome during meiosis and mitosis
54
gene
unit of heredity made up of a segment of DNA that codes for the production of a particular protein located on chromosomes
55
locus
position occupied by a gene
56
homozygous
person with 2 identical alleles for a particular gene
57
heterozygous
person with2 different alleles for a particular gene
58
autosomal genes
genes that are located on an autosome
59
X-linked genes
refers to genes located of the X chromosome
60
hemizygous
just single allele for each gene | in males Y
61
complete dominance
one allele is expressed and completely masks the effect of the other
62
co-domincance
heterozygous organism shows the expression of both alleles in its phenotype
63
monohybrid corsses
involves observing the inheritance of a single gene
64
dihybrid crosses
involves observing the inheritance of 2 genes
65
multiple alleles
a system in which 3 or more alleles exist for a particular gene
66
lethal alleles
alleles that fail to code for a functional protein in sufficient amounts will die prematurely
67
dominant
refers to a trait that is expressed in the heterozygous condition requires only a single copy for its phenotypic expression
68
recessive
refers to a trait that is not expressed but remains hidden in a heterozygous organism
69
monogenic traits
traits under the control of one gene | show discontinuous variation
70
discontinuous variation
members of a population can be classified into a few, non-overlapping classes or groups
71
polygenic traits
traits under the control of two or more genes | show continuous variation
72
continuous variation
when members of a population cannot be classified into a few distinct groups, they show a variation of phenotypes
73
genotype + environment =
phenotype
74
test crosses
involves on parent that is homozygous recessive an is used for identification purposes
75
linked genes
genes that are located on the same chromosome
76
autosomal dominant
the gene for the trait unaffected parents will no produce affected can't skip a generation males and females affected equally
77
X-linked dominant
male will pass to all daughters and no sons more females than males must have at least one parent affected
78
Autosomal recessive
homozygous recessive can disappear and reappear unaffected parents can have affected child
79
X-linked recessive
more males than females all sons of females effected all daughters of male

Biology Exam (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions