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Biology Exam > Chapter 8 - Immunity: Defence Against Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Immunity: Defence Against Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

immune system

A

a complex system made up of many components, including organs, tissues, specialised cells and specific molecules
able to identify self from non-self

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2
Q

self

A

material made by the body’s cell

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3
Q

non-self

A

foreign material

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4
Q

2 kinds of responses to invading foreign material:

A

non-specific (innate) immune response

specific (adaptive) immune response

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5
Q

non-specific (innate) immune response

A

immune responses react in the same way to all infections and have no ‘memory’ of prior infections
first 2 lines of defence

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6
Q

first line of defence

A 
prevent entry of microorganisms into the body; surfaces
intact skin
mucous membranes
natural secretions
natural flora
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7
Q

intact skin

A

barrier against entry of microorganisms

keratin skin more impermeable

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8
Q

mucous membranes

A

respiratory and digestive tract
traps pathogens
cilia

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9
Q

natural secretions

A

tears (lysozyme burst bacteria)
saliva
stomach acid

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10
Q

natural flora

A 
on or in the body
skin
gut
vagina
inhibits growth of pathogenic bacteria
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11
Q

second line of defence

A 
non-specific and non-adaptive
phagocytes
natural killer cells
complement proteins 
interferon
cytokines
inflammation
blood clotting
fever
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12
Q

phagocytes

A

macrophages and neutrophils
white blood cells that engulf and destroy microorganisms and other foreign material that enters the body by phagocytosis
enzymes released into the vesicle and its destroyed

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13
Q

natural killer cells

A

kill virus-infected cells before virus replicated

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14
Q

complement proteins

A

circulate blood activated by infection
stick to microorganisms more identifiable
stimulate phagocytes

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15
Q

interferon

A

proteins secreted by virus infected cells
Blocks viral protein synthesis in uninfected cells
Makes them more resistant to virus

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16
Q

cytokines

A

Cell communication

Helper T cells release them to stimulate other cells

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17
Q

inflammation

A

increase in blood flow to the area
phagocytes arrive and release histamine
promotes vasodilation (increase blood flow, more phagocytes)

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18
Q

blood clotting

A

tearing or puncturing of a blood vessel initiates clotting

triggered by release of clotting factors from the damaged cells

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19
Q

fever

A

makes body less favourable
stimulates helper T cells
creates inhospitable environment

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20
Q

steps of a fever

A

macrophages and phagocytes secrete interleukins
travel via bloodstream to hypothalamus
hypothalamus secretes prostaglandin
bodies thermostat reset to higher point (39)

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21
Q

antigens

A

proteins one every cells surface which act as recognition markers and have specific shapes

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22
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A 
genes that code for production of antigens
all cells except red blood cells
class 1 and 2 antigens
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23
Q

MHC class 1 antigens

A

located on the surface of virtually all human cells

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24
Q

MHC class 2 antigens

A

restricted to macrophages and the antibody-producing B-lymphocytes

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25
non-self antigens
foreign antigens on cells not displaying MHC markers
26
non-self receptors
identify molecules or cells that are foreign to those of the immune system the binding of a non-self antigen triggers immune response
27
self antigens
antigens on cells that are recognised by self receptors as being part of same body
28
self receptors
receptors used by cells to determine whether an encountered molecule or cell has structures that indicate it is part of the same body
29
antigen present cells (APC)
take up, process and present antigens to helper T cells become activated
30
examples of APC
phagocytes/macrophages B-lymphocytes dendritic cells
31
specific (adaptive) immune response
a specific immune response by the immune system to the particular antigen and result in adaptive/acquired immunity 3rd line of defence involves production of memory cells
32
third line of defence
a specific response to a particular infection and results in adaptive or acquired immunity humoral and cell mediated response
33
where do B and T cells mature
B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow | leave before fully develop, travel to thymus gland and mature into T cells
34
Humoral immunity (B lymphocytes)
involving the transformation of B cells into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies to a specific antigen
35
immunoglobins (antibodies)
on B cell surface proteins that identify antigens specific structure and recognise only one type of antigen
36
what happens when a B cell encounters is complementary antigen
it replicates rapidly and produces numerous plasma cells
37
B cell don't replicate without assistance of what
helper T cells
38
plasma cells
produce and secrete antibodies Travel in blood and lymph survive for a few days
39
B memory cells
``` produced from B cells antibody-antigen specificity survive for several years react faster and more vigorously creates 'immunity' ```
40
antibody
proteins produce in response to antigens | specific
41
antibody structure
4 polypeptide chains 2 long 'heavy' chains 2 shorter 'light' chains hinge allows for flexibility
42
IgE
antibody | activates mast cells which release histamine for allergic responses
43
cell mediated immune response (T lymphocytes)
does not involve antibodies involves the activation of phagocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen
44
does the cell mediated immune response make antibodies?
NOOOOO
45
where do T cells mature
thymus gland
46
helper T cells
activated when non-self antigens (macrophages) are presented to it stimules B cells once activated secrete a protein that stimulates other T and B cells
47
cytotoxic T cells
recognise and kills virus infected cells before has time to replicate Can only kill virus when inside cell
48
suppressor T cells
regulate the action of the immune system suppress action og phagocytes slow production of antibodies and cytotoxic T cells saves energy
49
suppressor T cells
regulate the action of the immune system suppress action og phagocytes slow production of antibodies and cytotoxic T cells saves energy
50
lymphatic system
monitors the body for invading microorganisms | memory B and T cells circulate in lymph
51
what does swollen or sore lymph nodes indicate?
infection
52
acquiring specific immunity
recited from an outside source (passive) or antibodies can produced within the person (active)
53
active immunity
involves te production of antibodies within a person in response to exposure to a particular antigen long lasting natural or induced
54
natural active immunity
person comes in contact with a particular pathogen for the first time and produces antibodies
55
induced active immunity
vaccines injected with dead of treated living microorganisms which trigger body to produce antibodies against the specific pathogen without causing disease
56
passive immunity
antibodies produced in one person and introduced into another can react with antigens to provide immunity not long lasting natural or induced
57
natural passive immunity
developing foetus receives maternal antibodies across the placenta mothers breast milk
58
induced passive immunity
injected with antibodies obtained from blood plasma from donors who are known to have an infectious disease serum
59
antibody serum
blood serum from tissues of immunised animals containing antibodies and used to transfer immunity to another individual
60
allergic response
allergy antigen IgE antibodies produced bind to mast cells release histamine
61
histamine
causes symptoms associated with allergic responses
62
mast cells
fixed cells | contain larger amounts of histamine
63
autoimmune disease
immune system fails to identify 'self' from 'non-self' and causes antibodies to attack its own tissues no cure e.g. t1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis
64
transplant organ rejection
translated tissue identified an 'non-self' T cells directly lyse foreign cells immunosuppressant prevent this
65
plant barriers
physical and chemical defence mechanisms designed to protect and detect invading organisms
66
physical plant barriers
thick, waxy cuticle thorns, spines and prickles cork and galls form to limit spread
67
chemical plant barriers
``` proteins block growth antibacterial, anti fungal agents secreted oil repellents gum rapid apoptosis ```
68
Agglutination
Clumping of cells | Antibodies binding to antigens
69
Neutrophils
Engulf pathogen Kill it and itself Forms pus
70
Antibodies bound to pathogens can:
Damage Stimulate phagocytosis Activate compliment
71
Macrophages
Phagocytosis APC to B and T cells Release cytokines to induce inflammation Activate antibody secretion
72
What do B cells differentiate into when activated?
Memory B cells | Plasma cells

Biology Exam (15 decks)

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