Chapter 3 - Biochemical Processes in Cells

Question 1

cellular metabolism

Answer 1

the sum total of chemical reactions that occur in each living cell

Question 2

anabolic reactions / endergonic

Answer 2

chemical reaction in which atoms and molecules are joined together to make more complex molecules
energy required
e.g. photosynthesis

Question 3

catabolic reactions / exergonic

Answer 3

reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler molecules
release energy
e.g. cellular respiration, digestion

Question 4

ATP

Answer 4

adenosine triphosphate
contains adenosine and 3 phosphate
renewable energy source

Question 5

ADP

Answer 5

adenosine diphosphate

contains adenosine and 2 phosphate

Question 6

phosphorylation

Answer 6

the addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule

ADP + Pi = ATP

Question 7

enzyme

Answer 7

proteins which are capable of catalysing (speeding up) biochemical reactions by reducing the activation energy
biological catalysts
specific: catalyse only one type of reaction
recyclable: remains unchanged, used again

Question 8

active site

Answer 8

the region of the enzyme to which the substrate binds

Question 9

substrate

Answer 9

compound on which an enzyme acts

Question 10

enzyme substrate complex

Answer 10

combination of the enzyme and its substrate

Question 11

lock and key model

Answer 11

substrate fits into the active site perfectly
rigid active site
highly specific

Question 12

Induced fit model

Answer 12

active site changes shape slightly to fit the substrate
flexible
increases range of substrate specificity

Question 13

activation energy

Answer 13

the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

enzymes lower activation energy

Question 14

factors affecting enzyme activity

Answer 14

pH
temperature
enzyme and substrate concentrations
inhibition

Question 15

factors affecting enzyme activity

pH

Answer 15

enzyme denatured in extreme pH

buffered solutions

Question 16

factors affecting enzyme activity

temperature

Answer 16

enzymes work best in temp they’re found in
temp increases: molecules more excited and collide more often
denaturing
temp too low: little to no activity

Question 17

denaturing

Answer 17

hydrogen bond broken by heat
protein loses 3D shape: active site changed
irreversible

Question 18

factors affecting enzyme activity

enzyme and substrate concentrations

Answer 18

increases substrate: more product until enzyme worked to full capacity
increased enzyme: increases yield of the production until substrate all used up

Question 19

factors affecting enzyme activity

inhibition

Answer 19

chemical substances that interfere with enzyme function

Question 20

inhibitors

Answer 20

compete with the substrate for the active site

competitive and non-competitive

Question 21

competitive inhibitors

Answer 21

can fill the active site of the enzyme preventing it from binding with the substrate

Question 22

non-competitive inhibitors

Answer 22

can attach to the enzyme causing a change in the shape of the active site

Question 23

rational drug design

Answer 23

construction of a drug to fit the active site of a molecule so that the natural action of the molecule cannot occur

Question 24

rational drug design steps

Answer 24

1. research and identify the metabolic pathway of the pathogen
2. identify structure of enzyme: tertiary and active site
3. design and create a drug with the same shape as active site to act an inhibitor
4. active site blocked: cannot bind with pathogenic substrate;; prevents disease

Question 25

cofactors

Answer 25

metallic cation that binds to the enzyme and increases the rate of catalysis essentail for normal enzyme function

Question 26

coenzymes

Answer 26

assist in the catalysis by binding to enzymes or by functioning as carriers of electrons and protons acts with an enzyme to alter the rate of a reaction

Question 27

photosynthesis

Answer 27

the process in which green plants trap light energy in their chlorophyll and use carbon dioxide and water to create chemical energy as carbohydrates plants make own food

Question 28

overall equation photosynthesis

Answer 28

carbon dioxide + water (light) -> glucose + oxygen | 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 29

chloroplast

Answer 29

chlorophyll containing orangeade that occurs in the cytosol of cells of specific plant tissues

Question 30

chloroplast structure

Answer 30

stroma: gel like matrix thylakoid: flat sac-structures - grana when stacked

Question 31

light dependent reaction

Answer 31

involves trapping light energy by chlorophyll and its conversion into chemical energy occurs in grana

Question 32

steps of light dependent reaction

Answer 32

light energy trapped by chlorophyll energy used to produce ATP and to split water molecules to form hydrogen ions and the waste product oxygen H+ ions gathered by NADP -> NADPH

Question 33

light independent reaction

Answer 33

involves the formation of sugar molecules from carbon dioxide occurs in stroma not dependent on light, dependent of the light dependent stage

Question 34

steps of light independent reaction

Answer 34

``` input of carbon dioxide, H+ ions and ATP carbon atoms removed from carbon dioxide C atoms combine with H+ from NADPH energy supplied by ATP glucose produced ```

Question 35

location of light dependent reaction

Answer 35

grana

Question 36

location of light independent reaction

Answer 36

stroma

Question 37

inputs of light dependent reaction

Answer 37

water light energy NADP+ ADP + Pi

Question 38

outputs of light dependent reaction

Answer 38

NADPH ATP oxygen hydrogen

Question 39

inputs of light independent reaction

Answer 39

NADPH ATP CO2

Question 40

outputs of light independent reaction

Answer 40

glucose NADP+ ADP + Pi

Question 41

factors affecting photosynthetic rate

Answer 41

intensity of light carbon dioxide concentration temperature abundance of chlorophyll

Question 42

cellular respiration

Answer 42

the series of energy releasing reactions that break down organic compounds, releasing chemical energy and transferring it to ATP

Question 43

is cellular respiration anabolic or catabolic

Answer 43

catabolic

Question 44

mitochondria structures

Answer 44

inner membrane: cristae and matrix | outer membrane

Question 45

aerobic respiration

Answer 45

breakdown of glucose to simple in organic compounds in the presence of oxygen and with release of energy that is transferred to ATP

Question 46

steps of aerobic respiration

Answer 46

glycolysis Kreb's cycle Electron transport

Question 47

aerobic respiration - glycolysis

Answer 47

occurs in cytosol one molecule of glucose (6C) broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (3C) two ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule

Question 48

aerobic respiration - Kreb's Cycle

Answer 48

occurs in matrix pyruvate from glycolysis passes through cytosol and broken down into CO2 and H2O H atoms gathered by acceptor molecules 4 NADH and 1 FADH2 produced (5 loaded acceptors)

Question 49

aerobic respiration - electron transport

Answer 49

occurs in cristae loaded acceptors from Kreb's move to cristae electrons are transferred between cytochrome's (compounds in cristae) until accepted by oxygen becomes negatively charged and reacts with H+ ions to form water releases energy

Question 50

overall equation of cellular respiration

Answer 50

glucose + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide + energy | C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

Question 51

anaerobic respiration

Answer 51

form of respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen in which glucose is broken down into smaller compounds, with release of energy that is transferred to ATP occurs in cytosol rapid but less efficient

Question 52

anaerobic respiration - animals equation

Answer 52

glucose -> lactic acid + 2ATP

Question 53

anaerobic respiration - plants equation

Answer 53

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP

Question 54

Fermentation

Answer 54

Process of anaerobic respiration in yeasts that results in alcohol formation

Question 55

Autotrophic

Answer 55

Organism that can produce its own food from simple inorganic substances

Question 56

Glycerol

Answer 56

three fatty acids linked to form a lipid

Question 57

Pyruvate

Answer 57

3C compound | Formed in first stage of cellular respiration