Chapter 1: The Human Body - An Orientation Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
standard anatomical position
A
body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body
2
Q
superior
A
above
3
Q
inferior
A
below
4
Q
anterior (ventral)
A
front
5
Q
Posterior (dorsal)
A
behind
6
Q
medial
A
inner side (to remember inner thigh)
7
Q
Lateral
A
outer side
8
Q
intermediate
A
between medial and lateral (ex collarbone which is in the middle of breastbone and shoulder)
9
Q
Proximal
A
closer to body (remember: proximity)
10
Q
distal
A
away from the body
11
Q
superficial
A
toward the surface (basically mababaw)
12
Q
Deep
A
more internal (malalim)
13
Q
two major divisions of the body
A
Axial, Appendicular
14
Q
Axial division
A
head neck and trunk
15
Q
Appendicular division
A
arms and legs (limbs)
16
Q
divides body into left and right parts
A
Sagittal plane
17
Q
divides body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)
A
Frontal (coronal) plane
18
Q
divides body into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
A
Transverse (horizontal) plane
19
Q
Two sets of body cavities
A
Dorsal and Ventral body cavity
20
Q
Dorsal body cavity
A
protects nervous system
contains the cranial and vertebral body cavity
21
Q
Cranial cavity
A
encases brain
22
Q
Vertebral cavity
A
encases spinal cord
23
Q
Ventral body cavity
A
houses internal organs (viscera)
- thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity separated by diaphragm
24
Q
thoracic cavity
A
Pleural cavities
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity
25
pleural cavity
contains a lung in each cavity
26
mediastinum
contains the pericardial cavity and other thoracic organs such as the esophagus, trachea, etc.
27
pericardial cavity
encloses the heart
28
abdominopelvic cavity
contains abdominal and pelvic cavity
29
abdominal cavity
contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
30
pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
31
Membrane in ventral body cavity
serosa
32
serosa (serous membrane)
thin double layer membrane covers the ventral body cavity: parietal serosa, visceral serosa
* double layers separated by slit like cavity filled with serous fluid
33
parietal serosa
lines internal cavity walls
34
visceral serosa
covers internal organs (viscera)
35
4 quarters that divide the abdominopelvic regions
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
36
9 divisions of the abdominopelvic regions
1. Right hypochondriac region
2. epigastric region
3. left hypochondriac region
4. right lumbar region
5. umbilical region
6. left lumber region
7. right iliac (inguinal) region
8. hypogastric region
9. left iliac (inguinal) region
37
1. right hypochondriac region
contains liver, right kidney, gallbladder, large/small intestine
38
2. epigastric region
contains liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, duodenum, adrenal glands
39
3. left hypochondriac region
liver's tips, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, large/small intestines
40
4. right lumbar region
contains the ascending colon, small intestine, and right kidney
41
5. umbilical region
contains duodenum, small intestine, and transverse colon
42
6. left lumbar region
contains descending colon, small intestine, and left kidney
43
7. Right Iliac region
appendix, cecum, ascending colon, small intestine
44
8. hypogastric region
bladder, sigmoid colon, small intestine, and reproductive organs
45
9. left Iliac region
sigmoid colon, descending colon and small intestine
46
other body cavities include
oral and digestive, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities
47
anatomy
structure and parts and what they do with each other
48
physiology
what body parts do and how they work/do it (function)
49
gross/macroscopic
large structures not needing microscope to see
50
regional anatomy
structures in a region
51
system anatomy
one system
52
surface anatomy
deals with internal structures and how they relate to overlying skin
53
microscopic anatomy
too small to be seen with a naked eye
54
cytology
microscopic study of cells
55
histology
microscopic study of tissues
56
developmental anatomy
anatomical and physiological development throughout life
57
embryology
study of developments before birth
58
subdivisions of physiology
based on organ systems, focuses on cellular and molecular levels of body, this includes chemical reactions of individual cells
59
principle of complementarity of structure and function
Anatomy and physiology are inseperable
function is determined by structure, what a structure can do is based on it's specific form
60
structural organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, and organ, organ system, organismal level
61
requirements for life
maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
62
maintaining boundaries
separating internal structures from its environment (cell membrane, skin)
63
movement
be able to move in general, and contractility
64
contractility
movement at a cellular level
65
responsiveness
ability to sense and response to stimuli
66
Digestion
breakdown of food, and absorption of nutrients
67
metabolism
all chemical reactions that happen body cells
catabolism, anabolism
68
catabolism
breakdown of molecules
69
anabolism
synthesis of molecules
70
excretion
get rid of wastes in the body from digestion and metabolism
71
Reproduction
cellular level: cells be able to go through division, for growth and repair
organismal level: producing more offspring
72
growth
increase in size of a body part or of organism
73
survival needs of humans
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, appropriate atmospheric pressure
74
nutrients
chemical for energy and cell building
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins
75
carbohydrates
major source of energy
76
proteins
needed for cell building and cell chemistry
77
fats
long-term energy storage
78
minerals and vitamins
involved in chemical reactions as well as structural purposes
79
oxygen
essential for releasing energy from foods
80
water
most abundant chemical in the body
81
normal body temp
if body temp is too high or below 37*C, rates of chemical reactions are affected
82
appropriate atmospheric pressure
specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs
83
homeostasis
maintaining stable internal conditions despite environments changing,
body must be in an equilibrium state
84
what are the three homeostatic variables?
receptor, control center, effector
85
receptor
aka sensor, senses stimuli and sends signal to control center
86
control center
determines set point at which variable is maintained
receives input from receptor determines appropriate response, and sends it to effector
87
effector
receives output from control center, provides means to respond to stimuli via
* negative feedback
* positive feedback
88
negative feedback
reducing or completely shutting off stimuli
ex: regulation of body temp (nervous system)
regulation of blood sugar via insulin
89
positive feedback
enhances or exaggerates stimulus
ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
platelet plug formation and blood clotting
90
disturbances of homeostasis can
increases risk of disease, contribute to changes associated with aging ect.
