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Chapter 4: Tissue - The living Fabric Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells with similar structures and related functions.

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2
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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3
Q

Four basic tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous tissue

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4
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

epithelium
- is a sheet of cells that covers the body surface or cavities
* skin**

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5
Q

two main forms of epithelial tissue

A
  • Covering and lining epithelia
  • Granular epithelia
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6
Q

Covering and lining epithelia

A

on external and internal surfaces
Skin

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7
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A

secretory tissue in glands
oil and sweat

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8
Q

5 special characteristics of epithelial tissues

A
  • Polarity, Specialized contacts, Supported by connective tissues, Avascular but innervated, Regeneration
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9
Q

Polarity of the epithelial tissue

A

cells have polarity(top and bottom)
- two types: apical and basal surface

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10
Q

Apical surface

A

upper side (top)
-exposed to surface or cavity

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11
Q

Basal surface

A

lower side (bottom)
- faces inward toward body

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12
Q

Specialized Contacts (epithelial tissue)

A

epithelial tissues need to fit closely together

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13
Q

Supported by connective tissues (epithelial tissue)

A

all epithelial sheets are supported by connective tissue

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14
Q

melanoma

A

is the most aggressive form of skin cancer because cancerous epithelial cells cannot be contained and they penetrate the boundary and invade underlying tissues, resulting in the spread of cancer

-starts with moles

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15
Q

Avascular but innervated (epithelial tissues)

A

no blood vessels are found in epithelial tissue = no blood supply
*epithelia is supplied by nerve fibers

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16
Q

Regeneration (epithelial tissues)

A

epithelial cells have high regenerative capacities
(regens very fast and really well)

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17
Q

classification of epithelia

A

classified by two names
- the first name indicates # of cell layers
- second name indicates shape of cells

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18
Q

epithelia two types of layers (first name for classification)

A

Simple epithelia
Stratified epithelia

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19
Q

simple epithelia

A

one layer thick

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20
Q

stratified epithelia

A

two or more layers thick
(involved in protection, ex: skin)

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21
Q

epithelia types of cell shapes (second name for classification)

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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22
Q

Squamous

A

flattened and scale-like
flat

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23
Q

Cuboidal

A

box-like, cube

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24
Q

Columnar

A

tall, column-like

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25
Simple epithelia
involved in absorption, secretion, or filtration processes
26
Simple squamous epithelium
- 1 layer of flat cells - rapid diffusion - located in lungs and blood vessels
27
Simple cuboidal epithelium
- one layer of box cells - involved in ***secretion - located in glands and ducts (sweat glands, etc.)
28
Simple columnar epithelium
parallel rows of tall cells - involved in ****absorption**** - found in intestines (small)
29
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- looks multilayered (but isn't - pseudo means false) - cells with different heights (cells are ciliated) - involved in movement of mucus via ciliary sweeping action - located mostly in lower respiratory tract
30
Stratified epithelial tissues
- multilayered - new cells generate from below (basal cells divide and move towards the surface)
31
Stratified squamous epithelium
- multiplayers of squashed cells - located in areas of wear and tear (epidermis of skin) - keratinized cells, non-keratinized cells
32
keratinized cells
found in skin
33
non-keratinized cells
moist linings/tissue
34
Transitional epithelium
- found in the bladder, ureters, and urethra - cells change shape and is stretched (like when bladder is full it stretches and changes the shape of the cells)
35
Glandular epithelia
glands classified by: Endocrine, Exocrine
36
Gland (glandular epithelia)
- one or more cells that makes/secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion
37
Endocrine
internally secreting (ex: hormones) -secretes directly into blood - ductless
38
Exocrine
externally secreting (ex: sweat) -has ****ducts**** -there's more of this in the body (sweat glands.. etc.)
39
Types of exocrine glands
- merocrine (aka eccrine) - holocrine - apocrine
40
Merocrine
aka eccrine - type of exocrine glands - sweat glands
41
Holocrine
- oil glands - ***sebaceous glands*** (same thing as oil glands, sebum means oil)
42
Apocrine
- armpit and and groin glands
43
Connective Tissue
most abundant and widely distributed of primary tissues
44
Four main classes of Connective tissue
- connective tissue proper - cartilage - bone - blood
45
Common characteristics of connective tissues
- common embryonic origin - varying degrees of vascularity (blood supply) - extracellular matrix
46
all connective tissues have three main elements
- ground substance - fibers - cells
47
extracellular matrix
ground substance and fibers
48
Ground Substance
- aka interstitial fluid - fluid in between ce
49
ground substance components
- interstitial fluid - proteoglycans (sugar protein molecule)
50
three types of Fibers
- collagen - elastic fibers -reticular
51
collagen
-strongest and most abundant type - tough and provides high tensile strength *** where you get strength from ****
52
Elastic fibers
- gives you recoil
53
cells
- Blast and cyte cells
54
Blast cells
- makes/ builds something - ex: fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts
55
fibroblasts
- making fibers (connective tissue proper)
56
chondroblasts
makes cartilage
57
osteoblasts
bone building cells
58
Cyte cells
- mature adult cells
59
far cells
***in adipose tissue - store nutrients
60
White blood cells
- tissue response to injury
61
connective tissue proper
consists of all connective tissues except bone cartilage, and blood
62
two subclasses of CT proper
- CT proper: loose connective tissues - CT proper: dense connective tissues
63
CT proper: 3 loose connective tissues
- areolar - adipose - reticular
64
CT proper: 3 dense connective tissue
- dense regular - dense irregular - elastic
65
areolar
- loose connective tissue - ****in the dermis of skin**** (2nd layer under epidermis), under the epithelium/epidermis - lots of collagen - acts as water reservoir
66
Adipose
- loose connective tissue - fats - White fat: very vascular; acts as insulation, energy storage, and shock absorption - brown fat: keeps babies warm (so mostly in babies) (every organ in the body is wrapped in fat) *** in subcutaneous (hypodermis) layer***
67
white fat
adipocytes - richly vascularized - shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage
68
Reticular connective tissue
*** lymphatic system***
69
Dense regular connective tissue
- very high tensile strength - poorly vascularized - has a lot of thick collagen fibers - ex: tendons and ligaments
70
tendons connects
muscle to bone
71
ligaments connects
bone to bone
72
Dense irregular connective tissue
- thick density irregular collagen (no pattern) - found in the dermis (reticular layer), fibrous joint capsules, fibrous coverings of some organs
73
Dense Elastic connective tissue
- some are very elastic - ***also found in walls of many large arteries*** (densely packed and elastic)
74
Cartilage
- chondro (?) - 80% water, with packed collagen fibers, and sugar proteins - avascular
75
Avascular
receives nutrients from the membrane surrounding it
76
types of cartilage
- hyaline cartilage - elastic cartilage -fibrocartilage
77
Hyaline cartilage
most abundant, tips of long bones
78
Elastic cartilage
- external ears
79
Fibrocartilage
- nice and strong - located in the knee
80
Avascular cartilage
when we age it loses the ability to divide thus injuries heal slowly - common in people with sports injuries - meniscus of the knee, labrum of shoulder/hop, disc of spine
81
Bone
- has more collagen compared to cartilage - has inorganic calcium salts (hydroxy) - richly vascularized
82
Blood
- IS A TISSUE - atypical connective tissue bc it is a fluid - red blood cells are the most common cell type - contains white blood cells and platelets - function: transport
83
Muscle tissue
- highly vascularized (heals well) - responsible for movement
84
three types of muscle tissues
- skeletal muscle - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (involuntary)
85
Skeletal muscle tissue
- attached and causes movement of bones - voluntary muscle - muscle fibers
86
cardiac muscle tissue
- found only in walls of the heart - involuntary muscle - cells have many branches
87
smooth muscle tissue
- in hollow organs (GI, blood vessels, bronchi) - involuntary muscle
88
nervous tissue
- the main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
89
two specialized cells of the nervous tissue
- neurons - glial cells
90
Three types of lining membranes
- cutaneous membranes (skin) - mucous membranes - serous membranes
91
cutaneous membrane
skin
92
mucous membranes
- mucosae - moist lining bathe by secretions - digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts
93
tissue repair (inflammation)
immunovascular response to injury (healing takes place bc of inflammation)
94
Regeneration
same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue, so original function is restored
95
Fibrosis
connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue, and original function lost
96
Steps in tissue repair
1. inflammation sets the stage 2. organization restores blood supply 3. Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repairs
97
Inflammation sets stahe
step 1 in tissue repair - inflammatory chemicals - dilation of blood vessels
98
Organization restores blood supply
step 2 in tissue repair - fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge gap until regeneration
99
Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair
- the scab detaches - fibrous tissue matures - epithelium thickens and begins to resemble adjacent tissue
100
tissues with great regenerative capabilties
- epithelial tissues - bone - areolar connective tissue - dense irregular connective tissue - blood-forming tissue
101
Tissues with moderate regenerative capabilities
- smooth muscle, and dense regular connective tissue
102
Tissues with poor and no regenerative capabilities
almost doesn't heal - cardiac muscle, nervous tissue of the brain, and spinal cord

Bio 243 (8 decks)

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