Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards by Riu Malabed

Integumentary system consists of:

Skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

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Skin has 2 distinct regions:

Epidermis and Dermis

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superficial region, avascular

Epidermis

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under epidermis, vascular (thick)

nice and thick
fibers in matrix bind body together

Dermis

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superficial facia, bottom layer of fat
> subcutaneous layer
> Not part of skin
> mostly made of adipose tissue

Hypodermis

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Epidermis mostly consist of what type of epithelium

> what is the 4 types of cell in epidermis

Keratinized stratified squamous

> Kertinocytes, Melanocytes, Dendritic, and merkel cells

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cells that produced fibrous keratin

Keratinocytes

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cells that produces melanin pigment, protect nucleus from UV damage

Melanocytes

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cells that has role in immune system

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

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five layers (strata) and is found in palms hands and feet

Thick Skin

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Five layers of skin (from inferior to superficial)

Stratum basale,
Stratum spinosum,
Stratum granulosum,
Stratum lucidum (thick skin)
Stratum corneum

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deepest layer of the skin, firmly attached to dermis.

Stratum basale (basal layer)

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prickly layer of the skin, appears spikey with several cell layers

Stratum spinosum (prickly layer)

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four to six cell layers of skin, but cells are flat (so it is thin)

Stratum granulosum

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layer of skin found on palms of hands and soles of feet, has dead cells.

Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

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layer of skin with 20-30 rows of flat anucleated, keratinized DEAD cells

Stratum corneum

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cells change by going through _____ (controlled cell death)

Apoptosis

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The Dermis consists of 6 things:

nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic cells.

Also epidermal hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands

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what are the two types of connective tissues in the dermis?

papillary(loose areolar) and reticular (dense irregular CT)

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This is a superficial layer of loose areolar connective tissue consisting of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis

also projections contains capillary loops, free nerve endings and touch receptors.

Dermal papillary layer

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This dermal layer consists of 80% of dermal thickness, and consists of elastic fibers and collagen fibers

Reticular layer

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striae aka stretch marks are an example of _____.

What are skin traumas that are fluid-filled pockets that separate epidermal and dermal layers?

dermis tears

Blisters

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What three pigments contribute to skin color

Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin

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What provides skin protection from UV damage and is also a pigment that contributes with skin color

Melanin

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What skin pigment provides yellow to orange pigment and is most obvious in the palms and soles of hands and feet. - can also be converted to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health

Carotene

What three pigments contribute to skin color

Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin

What pigment shows up more when there is lower levels in melanin (in caucasians) and is considered protein in the skin

Hemoglobin

Blue skin color bc of low oxygen in hemoglobin? pale color bc of anemia, low blood pressure, fear, and anger? redness caused by fever, hypertension, inflammation, and allergies? yellow cast caused by liver disorders?

Cyanosis Pallor Erythema Jaundice

hair consists of _______, and is aka _____.

dead keratinized cells Pilo

What are the 2 regions of hair? What are the three parts of the hair shaft?

Regions: Shaft (above scalp), Root (within scalp) parts of hair shaft: Medulla (core of large cells), Cortex (layers of flat cells), Cuticle (outer layer of single cells)

What are the parts of a hair follicle?

Hair bulb - deep end of follicle > Hair matrix: actively dividing area that makes hair cells. Hair follicle receptor - sensory nerve endings around bulb Arrector pili - muscle attached to hair

what are the two types of hair growth?

Vellus hair - pale, fine body hair of childern and adult females Terminal hair - coarse, long hair, found on scalp and eyebrows > during puberty -> appears in axillary and pubic regions

What is excessive hairiness? (can be a sign of masculinization)

Hirsutism

What condition is some degree of hair loss

Alopecia

What is a scale like modification of epidermis that contain hard keratin and acts s protection for fingers and toes?

Nails

Nails consists of:

free edge, nail plate, and root

part of nails that is epidermis underneath keratinized nail plate

Nail bed

thickened portion fo bed responsible for nail growth?

Nail matrix

part of nail that is a thickened nail matrix, appears white, and near the cuticle (cardiovascular and nervous)

Lunule

nail fold that projects onto surface of nail body also known as cuticle

Eponychium

area of the nail under free edge plate that accumulates dirt

Hyponychium

yellow nails can be due to _____ concavity of nail that may signal iron deficiency (aka spoon nail) is _______ when nails appear convex like clubs, can sometimes indicate respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

fungal infection of nail Koilonchya Clubbing

almost all skin surfaces contain sweat glands aka _______ what are the two main types?

sudoriferous glands > eccrine (merocine) sweat glands > apocrine sweat glands

Most numerous type of sweat glands - has function in thermoregulation

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

found in armpit (axillary) and anus (anogenital) areas - secretes sweat containing fatty substances and proteins -bacteria break down sweat = body odor - ducts located emptying into hair follicles - begins to work at puberty

Apocrine sweat glands

Modified apocrine glands types:

Ceruminous glands (external ear canal; secretes earwax) Mammary glands (secrete milk)

- most develop from hair follicles, and secrete into hair follicles - secretes sebum, (hormones: acne)

Sebaceous (oil) glands

an infectious inflammation of sebaceous glands, resulting in pimples blocked sebaceous glands overactive sebaceous glands in infants can lead to...

Acne Whiteheads seborrhea

6 functions of Skin

protection body temp regulation cutaneous sensations (to feel) metabolic functions blood reservoirs excretion of wastes

skin is exposed to microorganisms, abrasions, extreme temps, and harmful chemicals constitutes 3 barriers:

Protection Chemical barrier physical barrier biological barrier

skin barrier with sweat, oil, low pH, melanin, and defensins

Chemical barriers

skin barrier with Keratinized cells

Physical barriers

skin barrier with dendritic cells (APC) of epidermis, macrophages of dermis, DNA absorbs UV light

Biological barriers

with resting body temp, sweat glands produce unnoticeable sweat called ____

insensible perspiration

If body temp rises, dermal vessels can increase sweat gland activity to produce 12 L of noticeable sweat called ____ which is designed to cool the body

sensible perspiration

cutaneous sensory receptors are....

part of nervous system extreroreceptors responds to stimuli outside body, such as temp and touch free nerve endings that sense painful stimuli

skin metabolic functions

- synthesize vitamin D for calcium absorption in intestine - makes collagnase, aids in natural turnover of collagen to prevent wrinkles

skin Blood reservoir

- hold up to 5% of body's blood volume - vessels can be constricted to shunt blood to other organs (excercising muscle)

three types of skin cancer

basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma

basal cell carcinoma

malignant and most common - stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis - cured by mostly by surgical excision

squamous cell carcinoma

second most common type, can metastasize - keratinocytes of stratum spinosum - usually scaly red papule on scalp, ears, lower lip, or hands - can be treated with radiation therapy or surgical removal

Melanoma

-cancer in melanocytes, most dangerous bc is easily spreads and is resistant to chemo - can be treated with surgical excision + immunotherapy

Burns

tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals - immediate threat is dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

1st degree burn

localized redness, edema(swelling), and pain

2nd degree burns

epidermal and upper dermal damage -blisters appear

3rd degree burns

-through epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (entire thickness of skin) - skin color turns gray-white, cherry red or blackened -No edema seen and area is not painful bc nerve endings are destroyed - skin grafting usually necessary