Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive

Question 1

we are made up of 4 atoms

Answer 1

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (CHON)

Question 2

subatomic particles

Answer 2

electrons, protons, neutrons

Question 3

electrons

Answer 3

negatively charged
don’t have much mass
located in rings around an atom

Question 4

protons

Answer 4

positively charged
determines atomic number

Question 5

neutrons

Answer 5

no charge

Question 6

which two subatomic particles are in the center of an atom and makes up the atomic mass

Answer 6

protons + neutrons

Question 7

what is a structural variation of the same element and is formed
when the number of neutrons is altered?

Answer 7

isotopes

Question 8

3 types of chemical bonding

Answer 8

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen

Question 9

Ionic bonding

Answer 9

transferring electrons

Question 10

covalent bonding

Answer 10

Sharing of electrons

Question 11

hydrogen bonding

Answer 11

makes water liquid
not true bond, more of a weak magnetic attraction

Question 12

synthesis

Answer 12

the building or combining to make more complex molecules

Question 13

Decomposition

Answer 13

breaking down molecules to make smaller and simpler molecules or its constituent ions

Question 14

cation

Answer 14

ion with positive charge

Question 15

anion

Answer 15

ion with negative charge

Question 16

Properties of water

Answer 16

High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, cushioning

Question 17

what property of water says that water can prevent sudden temp change
(property of water)

Answer 17

high heat capacity

Question 18

What is the property of water where high heat causes water loss through skin (cooling)
(property of water)

Answer 18

high heat of vaporization

Question 19

property of water where water dissolves ions in solution
(property of water)

Answer 19

polar solvent properties

Question 20

property of water involving dehydration and hydrolysis reactions

Answer 20

reactivity

Question 21

property of water that provides protection for organs from trauma

Answer 21

cushioning

Question 22

pH of blood

Answer 22

7.35 - 7.45
(below = acidic)
(above = alkaline)

Question 23

buffers

Answer 23

resist abrupt and large swings in pH

Question 24

acids

Answer 24

donates protons

Question 25

bases

Answer 25

accepts protons

Question 26

macromolecules

Answer 26

Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 27

Carbohydrates

Answer 27

sugars, give short term energy, made out of saccharides and contain C,H, and O

Question 28

Monosaccharides

Answer 28

a single sugar: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

Question 29

Disaccharides

Answer 29

2 sugars: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Question 30

type of sugar made out of glucose and fructose

Answer 30

sucrose

Question 31

type of sugar made out of glucose and galactose

Answer 31

Lactose

Question 32

sugar made of glucose and glucose

Answer 32

Maltose

Question 33

Polysaccharides

Answer 33

many sugars (polymers) Glycogen, starch, cellulose

Question 34

Lipids

Answer 34

are Fats and contain C, H, O (less than carbs), and sometimes P, insoluble in water Saturated and Unsaturated

Question 35

Fats

Answer 35

provide long term energy, insulation and protection

Question 36

some important types of lipids in the body

Answer 36

phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids

Question 37

type of lipid that makes up cell membrane (has two fatty acid chains)

Answer 37

phospholipid

Question 38

type of lipid that is a storage molecule (has three fatty acid chains)

Answer 38

triglycerides

Question 39

sex hormones that are fats like estrogen and testosterone

Answer 39

Steroids

Question 40

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 40

completely saturated with hydrogens (no double bonds) *** solid in room temperature*** animal fats, is bad for your heart

Question 41

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 41

Has double bonds *** liquid in room temperature*** oils (ex: avocado oil), usually good for the heart

Question 42

Nucleic Acids

Answer 42

are polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides ****two major classes: DNA and RNA**** ATP

Question 43

DNA

Answer 43

deoxyribonucleic acid holds the genetic blueprint for protein synthesis double helix made up of a sugar and phosphate backbone (located in nucleus)

Question 44

RNA

Answer 44

ribonucleic acid single-stranded contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose and replaces Thymine with Uracil (complementary base pairing)

Question 45

ATP

Answer 45

adenosine triphosphate made in the mitochondria basically used as energy for chemical reactions in cells

Question 46

Proteins

Answer 46

animal and plant proteins are made up of 20 common amino acids *** protein folding has 4 stages: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Question 47

Primary sequence

Answer 47

the sequence of amino acids (important because if determines the resulting protein being folded)

Question 48

Secondary sequence

Answer 48

folds protein into two possible forms: * alpha helix * Beta pleated sheets

Question 49

alpha helix

Answer 49

looks like a DNA (helix = double-stranded) Coils around so it resembles a spring

Question 50

beta pleated sheets

Answer 50

resemble accordion ribbons (like pleated skirt patterns)

Question 51

Tertiary sequence

Answer 51

taking alpha helix/beta pleated sheets and joining them together into a polypeptide (happens usually in hydrogen/sulfide bonds)

Question 52

Quaternary sequence

Answer 52

four different polypeptides chains (one of the most important example of this is a protein called hemoglobin)

Question 53

Denaturing proteins

Answer 53

It is a bad thing, we do not want this to happen - it is when proteins unfold and lose their 3D shapes and this is caused by decreased pH or High temperatures - this kills cells

Question 54

Enzymes

Answer 54

globular proteins that act as biological CATALYSTS

Question 55

Catalysts

Answer 55

speeds up chemical reactions

Question 56

Characteristics of enzymes

Answer 56

- require Cofactors, or Coenzymes to function - they are very specific and only act on specific substrates