Chapter 1: The Human Organism Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body
A
Anatomy
2
Q
Means to dissect, or cut apart and separate, e parts of the body
A
Anatomy
3
Q
Two basic approaches to the study of anatomy
A
Systemic anatomy
Regional anatomy
4
Q
Study of the body systems
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Systemic anatomy
5
Q
Study of organization of the body by areas
A
Regional anatomy
6
Q
Two general ways to examine internal structures
A
Surface anatomy
Anatomical imaging
7
Q
Study of external features
A
Surface anatomy
8
Q
Serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures
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Bony projections
9
Q
Involves the use of x-Rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures
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Anatomical imaging
10
Q
Scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things
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Physiology
11
Q
Major goals of physiology
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- Understand and predicts the body’s responses to stimuli
- Understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of continually changing internal and external environments
12
Q
Study of specific organism
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Human physiology
13
Q
Subdivisions that emphasize specific organization levels
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Cellular physiology and systemic physiology
14
Q
Six levels of organization of the body
A
Chemical level Cell level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organism level
15
Q
Involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon interact and combine into molecules
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Chemical level
16
Q
Basic structural and functional units of organisms
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Cells
17
Q
Molecules combine to form
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Organelles
18
Q
Small structures that make up some cells
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Organelles
19
Q
Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
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Tissue
20
Q
Group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function
A
Organ system
21
Q
atoms ( colored balls) combine to form molecules
A
Chemical level
22
Q
Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria which make up cells
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Cell level
23
Q
Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
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Tissue level
24
Q
Different tissue combine to form organs such as the urinary bladder
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Organ level
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Organs, such as the urinary bladder and kidneys, make up an organ system
Organ system level
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Organ systems make up an organism
Organism level
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Any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as bacterium or trillions of cells as a human
Organism
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Complex organ systems that are mutually dependent on one another
Human organism
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Six characteristics of life
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Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction
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Specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions
Organization
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Ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement and reproduction
Metabolism
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Ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make adjustments that help maintain its life
Responsiveness
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Refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism
Growth
34
Result from an increase in cell number, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells
Growth
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Changes an organism undergoes through time
Development
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Begins with fertilization and ends at death
Development
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Formation of new cells or new organisms
Reproduction
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Existence and maintenance of relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external environment or the internal environment
Homeostasis
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Values can change
Variables
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Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D
Integumentary system
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Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
Integumentary system
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Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue.
Skeletal system
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Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints
Skeletal system
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Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat
Muscular system
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Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
Muscular system
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Major regulatory system that detects sensations and control movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
Nervous system
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Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
Nervous system
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Major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions
Endocrine system
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Consists of glands, such as pituitary, that secrete hormones
Endocrine system
50
Transport nutrients, waste products, gas, and hormones throughout the body
Cardiovascular system
51
Plays an important role in the immune response and regulation of the body temperature
Cardiovascular system
52
Consist of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Cardiovascular system
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Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
Lymphatic system
54
Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs
Lymphatic system
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Study of structure and function of the human body
Human anatomy and physiology
56
Enhances oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood ph
Respiratory system
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Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages
Respiratory system
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Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
Digestive system
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Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs
Digestive system
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Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood ph, ion balance, and water balance
Urinary system
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Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine
Urinary system
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Produce locates and is the site of fertilization and fetal development
Female reproductive system
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Produces milk for the new born
Female reproductive system
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Produces hormone that influence sexual function and behaviors
Female reproductive system
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Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated factors
Female reproductive system
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Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
Male reproductive system
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Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis
Male reproductive system
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Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts and penis
Male reproductive system
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Any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
Negative-feedback mechanisms
70
3 components of negative feedback
Receptor
Control center
Effector
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Monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature
Receptor
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Part of the brain, establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained
Control center
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Change the value of the variable
Effector
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Initiates a homeostatic mechanism
Stimulus
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Changed variable
Stimulis
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Occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
Positive-feedback mechanisms
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Person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
Anatomical position
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Face upward
Supine
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Face downward
Prone
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Up
Superior
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Down
Inferior
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Front
Anterior
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Back
Posterior
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Means belly
Ventral
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Back
Dorsal
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Nearest
Proximal
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Distant
Distal
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Midline
Medial
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Away from the midline
Lsteral
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Refers to a structure close to the surface of the body
Superficial
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Toward the interior of the body
Deep
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Central region of the body consists
Head, neck, and trunk
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Trunk can be divided into
Thorax
| Abdomen
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Inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips
Pelvis
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Upper limb is divided into
Arm
Forearm
Wrist
Hand
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Extends from the shoulder to the elbow
Arm
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Extends from the elbow to the wrist
Forearm
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Lower limb is divided into
Thigh
Leg
Ankle
Foot
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Extends from the hip to the knee
Thigh
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Extends from the knee to the ankle
Leg
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Runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts
Sagittal plane
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Flight of an arrow passing anteriorly and posteriorly
Sagittal
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Sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves
Median plane
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Runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Frontal plane
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Cut through the long axis of the organ
Longitudinal section
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Cut at a right angle to the long axis
Transverse section
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Cut is made across the long axis at other than a right angle
Oblique section
108
Partition containing the heart, the thymus, trachea, esophagus, and other structures
Mediatinum
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Bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and the kidneys
Abdominal cavity
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Small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs
Pelvic activity
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Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities
Serous membranes
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Inner ballon wall in contact with your fist
Visceral serous membrane
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Outer part of the ballon
Parietal serous membrane
114
Surrounds the heart
Pericardial activity
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Covers the heart
Visceral pericardium
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Contains pericardial fluid, located between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium
Pericardial activity
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Surrounds each lung
Pleural cavity
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Abdominopelvic cavity contains a serous membrane lines cavity
Peritoneal cavity
119
Covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity
Visceral pericardium
120
Inflammation of the perocardium
Pericarditis
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Inflammation of the pleura
Pleurisy
122
Inflammation of the peritonium
Peritonitis
