Exercise 4: Tissues (Lab) Flashcards by Joslin Roz

Exhibit cellularity and perform protection, absorption, filtration and secretion functions

Epithelial Tissue

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Fit closely together to form compact cells arranged in continuos sheets

Epithelial cells

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Avascular and are nourished by diffusion from the capillaries of underlying connective tissues

Epithelial tissue

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Epithelial tissues classification ( type of cells present)

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

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Epithelial tissues - the number of cell layers

Simple

Stratified

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Simple epithelial tissue

Simple squamous epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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Consists of only one layer of squamous cells

Simple squamous epithelium

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Simple squamous epithelium can be found in

Air sacs of the lungs
Walls of capillaries ( endothelium)
Serous membrane or serosae

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Composed of one layer of cuboidal resting on a basement membrane

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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Simple cuboidal epithelium can be found in

Walls of kidney tubules
Glands and their ducts
Surface of ovaries

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Made up of one layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

Simple columnar epithelium

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Lines the entire length of digestive tract from the stomach to the anus

Simple columnar epithelium

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Secrete mucus for lubrication

Goblet cells

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Appears to be stratified but is actually a single layer of cells, all of which touch the basement membrane although not all reach the apex

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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Give the false impression of bing stratified

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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Found in the respiratory tract

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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Most common of the stratified epithelia and consists of several layers

Stratified squamous epithelium

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Found in areas that are often subjected to friction or abuse

Stratified epithelium

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Lines mouth, esophagus, and vagina

Non- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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Found in the epidermis of the skin

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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Rare types of epithelia and are only found in the ducts of large glands

Stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar

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Two cell layers and the apical layer of cells are cuboidal in shape

Stratified cuboidal tissue

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Consist of basal cells that vary in size and shape and apical cells that are columnar

Stratified columnar epithelial tissue

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Highly modified, stratified type of epithelium where cells change in shape depending on whether the organ is distended or contracted

Transitional epithelium

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Forms lining or the urinary bladder, ureters,, and part o the urethra

Transitional epithelium

Most abundant primary tissue in the body

Connective tissue

Functions of connective tissue

Connecting and binding body parts together Protecting the organs Provide framework for movement of muscles

Loose and dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone and blood

Mature connective tissues

From the extracellular matrix of loose connective tissues

Fibroblasts

Formed by the chrondroblasts and maintained by chrondrocytes

Extracellular matrix

Enables connective tissues to form packaging materials around organs, bear weight, withstand abrasion and other abuses, and absorb large amounts of water to serve as reservoir in the body

Extracellular matrix

Loose connective tissue

Areolar connective tissue Reticular Adipose

Universal packing material that binds together and keeps them in their proper position

Areolar connective tissue

Most abundant type of connective tissue

Areolar connective tissue

Predominantly composed of reticular fibers which are synthesized by reticular cells

Reticular connective tissue

Fibroblasts that synthesize more reticular fibers than collage out fibers

Reticular cells

Forms the stroma in lymphoid organs like the spleen and Lymph nodes

Reticular connective tissue

Forms the hypodermics or subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin where it serves as an insulator, protecting the body from extreme heat and cold

Adipose connective tissue

Contains Fibroblasts, ground substance and adipose cells

Adipose connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

Dense regular connective tissue | Dense irregular

Made up of extracellular matrix that is packed with collagenous fibers that are compactly arranged in an orderly manner with fibroblasts cells squeezed in between the collagenous bundles

Dense regular connective tissue

Attach muscles to bones

Tendons

Connect one bone to another

Ligaments

Consists of densely packed collagenous fibers that are arranged in a disorderly or irregular manner

Dense irregular connective tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue found in

Dermis of the skin Perichondrium of cartilage Periosteum of bones

Dense, firm but liable, Avascular type of connective tissue with an extracellular matrix consisting of collagenous and elastic fibers

Cartilage

Responsible for its tensile strength and gelatinous ground substance provides for its resiliency

Collagenous fibers

Nourished through diffusion from underlying vascular tissues

Chondrocytes

Predominant cartilage in the body and precursor of most bones

Hyaline cartilage

Glassy and homogenous appearance

Hyaline cartilage

Surrounded by a perichondrium and is the weakest of the three types of cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

Thread like network of elastic fibers embedded within the matrix

Elastic cartilage

Provides strength and elasticity and maintains the shape of structures such as external ear

Elastic cartilage

Only cartilage without perichondrium

Fibrocartilage

Collagenous bundles are densely packed and arranged in a herringbone pattern

Fibrocartilage

Few spans smaller chrondrocytes that are seen scattered along the collagenous bundles

Fibrocartilage

Provides strength and rigidity and is the strongest type of cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Hardest of the connective tissue, composed of bone cells

Bone or Ossetia tissue

Two types of bone tissue

Compact bone | Spongy bone

Unit structure of bone tissue

Haversisn system or osteon

Present in compact bone but absent in spongy bone

Osteons

Considered a connective tissue because it consists blood cells, fibers and matrix

Blood

Contains hemoglobin which combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

Red blood cells

White blood cells consist of

Agranulocytes | Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes | Monocytes

Granulocytes

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

Liquid matrix that bathes the cells

Plasma

Specialized for contraction

Muscular tissue

Highly vascularized and innervated

Muscular tissue

Units of histological organization are cells that have become elongated

Fibers

Ability to contract or shorten producing movement

Muscle fibers

Three types of muscle tissue

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth muscle tissues

Striated and voluntary

Skeletal muscle tissues

Form long cylindrical units with s multi uncleared appearance

Skeletal muscle tissues

Nuclei found along periphery of long cylindrical units

Skeletal muscle tissues

Striated and involuntary

Cardiac muscle tissues

Composed of smaller branching cells and may be mononucleated or binucleated

Cardiac muscle tissues

Characterized by the presence of intercalated disks which are dark bands where cardiac muscle cells connect end to end

Cardiac muscle tissues

Made up of spindle or fusiform shaped cells with a centrally located nucleus

Smooth muscle tissues

Smooth muscle tissues found in?

Blood vessels Airways to lungs Visceral organs

Contracts much more slowly than other muscle types

Smooth muscle tissues

Nervous tissues

Brain Spinal cord Nerves

Two principal cell types of nervous tissue

Neurons | Neuroglia

Ability to react to various stimuli

Nerve cells or neurons

Receive and send information may have one or more nerve processes that receive and send information as nerve impulses

Neurons

U branched nerve process that transmits impulses away from the nerve cell body

Axon

Branched process that transmits impulses toward the cell body

Dendrite

Do not conduct impulse but serve as supporting tissues

Neuroglia

Non striated and involuntary

Smooth muscle tissues

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

1. Cells are compactly arranged 2. Cells are arranged in one or more layers 3. Basement membrane may not be present 4. Avascular

No blood supply

Avascular

Examples of simple squamous

Scraping from inner cheek Lining of alveoli Bowman's capsule

Examples of simple cuboidal

Cross section of kidney tubules

Ex of simple columnar

X section of the small intestine

Cells that make up pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue

Columnar cell w/ forked ends Spindle shaped cells Spheroidal cells

Ex of pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue

X sec of trachea

Ex of stratified cuboidal

Submaxillary gland | Large sweat glands

Characteristics of connective tissues

A. Originate from the mesenchyme B. Cells, fibers and matrix C. Matrix of connective tissue varies in consistency D. All of c.t. Are vascular except cartilage E. Fewer cells

Compact, dense, uniform

Collagenous

Envelopes a cartilage

Perichondrium

Very young but fibers are not obvious

Mucous c.t.

When stained with silver - brown ( argyrophilic)

Reticular c.t.

Bone forming cells

Osteoblast

For bone resorption

Osteoclast

Mature bone cells

Osteocyte

Spongy bone sandwiched bet. 2 compact bones

Dipole

Liquid portion of the unclotted blood

Plasma

Liquid portion of the clotted blood

Serum

Natural occurring anticoagulant

Heparin

Pink granules in the cytoplasm

Neutrophil

Rarest, bluish granules

Basophil

Fragments of giant cells called megakarocytes

Platelets

Respond to stimulus

Irritability

Transmit stimulus

Conductivity

Functions of nerve processor

1. Sensory / afferent 2. Association neuron 3. Motor/ efferent

3 meninges

-dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater

Maintain chemical environment necessary for the transmission action potential

Astrocyte

Myelin sheath production in the CNS

Oligondrocyte

Produce csf

Ependymal ccn

Produce myelin sheath in the CNS

Schwann cell

Supporting cells

Satellite cells

Protect nervous system from foreign toxic substances

Microfilm

Lining , covering, and glandular tissues of the body

Epithelial Tissue