Chapter 1 - The Invisible World

Question 1

What is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen?

Answer 1

Microbiology

Question 2

Microorganisms include:

Answer 2

• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Helminths (worms)
• Algae

Question 3

Bacteria-like organisms have existed on earth for about ___ _______ _____

Answer 3

3.5 billion years

Question 4

Simple cells

Answer 4

Prokaryotes (pre-nucleus)

Question 5

Complex cells

Answer 5

Eukaryotes (true nucleus)

Question 6

What are the two cell lines?

Answer 6

1. Prokaryotes

2. Eukaryotes

Question 7

Microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

Answer 7

Prokaryotes

Question 8

Unicellular (microscopic) and milticelluar, nucleus and membrane-bound nucleus

Answer 8

Eukaryotes

Question 9

Avascular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein

Answer 9

Viruses

Question 10

What makes RNA?

Answer 10

Nucleolus

Question 11

What makes proteins?

Answer 11

Rough ER

Question 12

What makes lipids?

Answer 12

Smooth ER

Question 13

The flow of energy and food through the earth’s ecosystems

Answer 13

Photosynthesis and decomposition

Question 14

Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material

Answer 14

Photosynthesis

Question 15

Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds

Answer 15

Decomposition

Question 16

Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms

Answer 16

Biotechnology

Question 17

Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products

Answer 17

Genetic engineering

Question 18

Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem

Answer 18

Bioremediation

Question 19

Majority of microorganisms live a free existence, are relatively ________ and often _________

Answer 19

Harmless and often beneficial

Question 20

Many microorganisms have close associations with other _________

Answer 20

Organisms

Question 21

Microorganisms that do harm

Answer 21

Pathogens

Question 22

Nearly _____ different microbes cause diseases

Answer 22

2,000

Question 23

There are __ _______ new infections/year worldwide

Answer 23

10 billion

Question 24

There are __ _______ deaths from infections/year worldwide

Answer 24

13 million

Question 25

There are _________ of microbioligists

Answer 25

Thousansds

Question 26

Prominent discoveries include:

Answer 26

- Microscopy - Scientific method - Development of medical microbiology - Microbiology techniques

Question 27

An early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter (flies from manure, etc.)

Answer 27

Spontaneous Generation

Question 28

Louis Pasteur eventually disproved spontaneous generation and proved the

Answer 28

Theory of Biogenesis

Question 29

the idea that living things can only arise from other living things

Answer 29

Theory of Biogenesis

Question 30

- Dutch linen merchant - First to observe living microbes - Single-lens magnified up to 300X

Answer 30

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Question 31

Approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon

Answer 31

Scientific Method

Question 32

What are the 5 steps of the scientific method?

Answer 32

1. Make observation 2. Form hypothesis 3. Run experiments 4. Analyze data 5. Draw conclusion

Question 33

What word are you never supposed to use with the hypothesis?

Answer 33

Prove

Question 34

A tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted

Answer 34

Hypothesis

Question 35

Deductive approach “If…, then….”

Answer 35

Hypothesis

Question 36

A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis, and testing either ________ or _______ the hypothesis

Answer 36

Supports or refutes

Question 37

If hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence and survives rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence - it becomes a

Answer 37

Theory

Question 38

If evidence of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached, it becomes a

Answer 38

Law or principle

Question 39

Results must be _________ and ________ by other investigators

Answer 39

Published and repested

Question 40

Early experiments led to the realization that microbes are __________

Answer 40

Everywhere

Question 41

Resulted in the use of sterile, aseptic, and pure culture techniques

Answer 41

Germ theory of disease

Question 42

Cleans using 15 ppsi and 121 degrees Celsius | - Steam

Answer 42

Autoclave

Question 43

Cleans by burning

Answer 43

Incineraton

Question 44

John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn each demonstrated the presence of ____ resistant forms of some microbes

Answer 44

Heat

Question 45

Cohn determined these forms to be heat-resistant bacterial

Answer 45

Endospores

Question 46

Requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses.

Answer 46

Sterility

Question 47

The human body is a source of _________

Answer 47

Infection

Question 48

Observed that mothers of home births had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals

Answer 48

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

Question 49

Correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward

Answer 49

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 50

Introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections

Answer 50

Joseph Lister

Question 51

- Involved disinfection of hands using chemicals prior to surgery - Use of heat for sterilization

Answer 51

Reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections

Question 52

Many diseases are caused by the growth of ________ in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc. The germ theory of disease helped support this

Answer 52

Microbes

Question 53

Two major contributors to the germ theory of disease:

Answer 53

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

Question 54

- Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage - Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms - Developed pasteurization - Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease

Answer 54

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Question 55

- Established Koch’s postulates - a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory - Identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera - Developed pure culture methods

Answer 55

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Question 56

A sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory

Answer 56

Koch’s postulates

Question 57

Organizing, classifying, and naming living things

Answer 57

Taxonomy

Question 58

Orderly arrangement of organisms into groups

Answer 58

Classification

Question 59

Assigning names

Answer 59

Nomenclature

Question 60

Determining and recording traits of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes

Answer 60

Identification

Question 61

What are the levels of classification

Answer 61

- Domain - Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya - Kingdom - Phylum or Division - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species

Question 62

What are the three domains?

Answer 62

1. Archaea 2. Bacteria 3. Eukarya

Question 63

Capitalized

Answer 63

Genus

Question 64

Lowercase

Answer 64

Species

Question 65

Italicized or underlined

Answer 65

Genus and species

Question 66

Inspiration for names is extremely varied and often ___________

Answer 66

Imaginative

Question 67

Natural relatedness between groups of organisms

Answer 67

Phylogeny

Question 68

- All new species originate from preexisting species | - Closely related organism have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms

Answer 68

Evolution

Question 69

Evolution usually progresses toward _______ __________

Answer 69

Greater complexity

Question 70

True bacteria

Answer 70

Bacteria

Question 71

Odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc.

Answer 71

Archaea

Question 72

Have a nucleus and organelles

Answer 72

Eukarya