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Micobiology > Chapter 2 - How we See the Invisible World > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - How we See the Invisible World Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 I’s of Culturing Microbes

A
  1. Inoculation
  2. Isolation
  3. Incubation
  4. Inspection
  5. Identification
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2
Q

If an individual bacterial cell is separated from other cells and has space on a nutrient surface, it will grow into a mound of cells called:

A

A colony

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3
Q

A colony consists of ___ species

A

One

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4
Q

There are _____ isolation techniques

A

Three

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5
Q

Media can be classified according to what three properties

A
  1. Physical state
  2. Chemical composition
  3. Functional type
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6
Q

Broth; does not solidify

A

Liquid

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7
Q

Contains solidifying agent (agar or gelatin)

A

Semisolid

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8
Q

Firm surface for colony formation

  • Contains solidifying agent
  • Liquefiable and nonliquefiable
A

Solid

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9
Q

What are the chemical contents of media?

A
  • Synthetic
  • Complex or nonsynthetic
  • General purpose media
  • Enriched media
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10
Q

Media for special microbial groups:

A
  • Selective media

- Differential media

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11
Q

Temperature-controlled chamber

A

Incubation

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12
Q

Observation; macroscopic and microscopic

  • Pure culture
  • Mixed cultures
  • Contaminated culture
A

Inspection

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13
Q

Macroscopic and microscopic appearance, biochemical tests, genetic characteristics, immunological testing

A

Identification

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14
Q

Potentially hazardous cultures and specimens are usually disposed of in what two ways

A
  1. Steam sterilization

2. Incineration

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15
Q

Key characteristics of a reliable microscope are:

A
  • Magnification

- Resolving power

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16
Q

__________ occurs when light passes from one medium, such as air, to another, such as glass, changing the direction of the light rays.

A

Refraction

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17
Q

Light rays passing from one medium to another may be either _________ or _________

A

Refracted or reflected

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18
Q

Occurs when light passes from one medium, such as air, to another, such as glass, changing the direction of the light rays

A

Refaction

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19
Q

When light passes through a convex lens, it is refracted ______ a focal point on the other side of the lens

A

Toward

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20
Q

The _____ ______ is the distance to the focal point

A

Focal length

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21
Q

Light passing through a concave lens is refracted ____ from a focal point in front of the lens

A

Away

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22
Q

Magnification in most microscopes results from interaction between;

A

Visible light waves and curvature of the lens

23
Q

Angle of light passing through convex surface of glass changes

A

Refraction

24
Q

Depending on the size and curvature of the lens, the image appears ________

25
Extent of enlargement
Magnification
26
Magnification occurs in what two phases?
- The objective lens forms the magnified . real image | - The real image is projected to the ocular where it is magnified again to form the virtual image
27
The objective lens forms the magnified ____ _____
Real image
28
The real image is projected to the ______ where it is magnified again to form the _______ _____
Ocular | Virtual image
29
A product of the separate magnifying powers of the two lenses
Total magnification
30
Power of objective x power of ocular =
Total magnification
31
Defines the capacity to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects
Resolution
32
Resolution defines the capacity to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects. What is this called?
Resolving power
33
What is the visible light wavelength?
400 nm-750 nm
34
_________ ________ of lens ranges from 0.1 to 1.25
Numerical aperture
35
Requires the use of oil to prevent refractive loss of light
Oil immersion lens
36
_______ wavelength and ______ numerical aperture will provide better resolution
Shorter wavelength and larger
37
What is the oil immersion objectives resolution?
0.2 μm
38
What are the variations on the optical microscope?
- Bright-field - Dark-field - Phase-contrast
39
The differential interference contrast microscope is similar to the phase contrast but has more ___________
Refinements
40
- Modified compound microscope with an ultraviolet radiation source and filter that protects the viewer’s eye - Uses dyes that emit visible light when bombarded with shorter UV rays - fluorescence - Useful in diagnosing infections
Fluorescence microscope
41
Forms an image with a beam of electrons that can be made to travel in wavelike patterns when accelerated to high speeds
Electron microscope
42
Electron waves are ______ times shorter than the waves of visible light
100,000
43
Electrons have tremendous power to resolve minute structures because resolving power is a function of __________
Wavelength
44
Oil immersion magnification is between:
40X and 2000X
45
Electron microscope magnification is between:
5,000X and 1,000,000X
46
Transmit electrons through the specimen. Darker areas represent thicker, denser parts and lighter areas indicate more transparent, less dense parts
Transmission electron microscopes (TEM)
47
Provide detailed three-dimensional view. Bombards surface of a whole, metal-coated specimen with electrons while scanning back and forth over it
Scanning electron microscopes (SEM)
48
Preparation of a slide depends on:
1. Condition of specimen 2. Aims of examiner 3. Type of microscopy available
49
Allow examination of characteristics of live cells: size, motility, shape, and arrangement
Wet mounts and hanging drop mounts
50
Made by drying and heating a film of specimen. This smear is stained using dyes to permit visualization of cells or cell parts
Fixed mounts
51
Dyes create contrast by imparting a color to ____ or ____ _____
Cells or cell parts
52
What are the two types of dyes?
1. Basic dyes | 2. Acidic dyes
53
What are the two types of stains?
1. Positive staining | 1. Negative staining
54
What are the three types of staining?
1. Simple stains 2. Differential stains 3. Structural

Micobiology (15 decks)

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