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HLSC 124 - Microbiology for Health Professionals > Chapter 1 - The Microbial World and You > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - The Microbial World and You Flashcards

1
Q

Microorganisms (aka microbes)

A

-minute living things that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
-includes bacteria, fungi (yeasts and molds), protozoa, algae, viruses

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2
Q

Micro

A

“very small”

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3
Q

Organism

A

“living thing”

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4
Q

Photosynthesis

A

-some microbes play a role in this and contribute to oxygen generation

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5
Q

Nomenclature

A

-many of the names of microorganisms are latinized
-microorganism name consists of two words with the first word always capitalized
-these names are universal
-both names are underlined or italicized
-abbreviated versions (after being mentioned once) has initial of genus followed by specific epithet ie. E. coli

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6
Q

Genus name

A

-the first name
-always capitalized

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7
Q

Specific epithet

A

-second name
-always lower case

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8
Q

(M)icro

A

Microscopic

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9
Q

m(I)cro

A

Independent units

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10
Q

mi(C)ro

A

Complex (less complex than humans)

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11
Q

mic(R)o

A

Rapid growth

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12
Q

micr(O)

A

Omnipresent (common/widespread)

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13
Q

Why do we learn about microorganisms?

A

-to prevent disease occurrence
-develop aseptic techniques to prevent spread of disease
-to prevent food spoilage

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14
Q

Kingdoms

A

-microorganisms are divided into two kingdoms: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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15
Q

Prokaryote

A

-lack a nucleus and other organelles
-have one circular chromosome of DNA (a free floating Nucleoid)
-have only ribosomes (smaller than in humans)
-have a complex cell wall made of peptidoglycan
-cell divides via Binary Fission

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16
Q

Binary Fission

A

-a type of asexual reproduction that involves the separation of the parent cell into two daughter cells

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17
Q

Eubacteria

A

-simple, unicellular organisms
-are prokaryotes
-appear in Bacillus, coccus, and spiral shapes
-many can swim using flagella
-are usually disease causing
-have quorum sensing ability

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18
Q

Quorum Sensing

A

-the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density

19
Q

Archaea Bacteria

A

-prokaryotic bacteria
-if they have cell walls, the wall does not contain peptidoglycan instead it has pseudopeptidogylcan
-not known to cause disease in humans
-live in extreme environments

20
Q

Eukaryote

A

-have a true nucleus
-DNA consists of several chromosomes surrounded by nuclear membrane
-contains several organelles such as RER, SER, ribosomes, etc.
-don’t have a cell wall
-somatic cells go through mitosis
-gametes undergo meiosis

21
Q

Fungi

A

-eukaryotes
-may be unicellular (yeast/mold) or multicellular (mushrooms)
-don’t carry out photosynthesis
-cell wall composed of chitin
-reproduce sexually or asexually

22
Q

Protozoa

A

-unicellular eukaryotic microbes
-move via pseudopods, flagella, or cilia
-live as free entities or parasites
-some photosynthesize ie. Euglena
-reproduce sexually or asexually

23
Q

Algae

A

-photosynthetic
-eukaryotic
-reproduce sexually and asexually
-cell walls are made of cellulose
-usually unicellular

24
Q

Parasites

A

-eukaryotic
-animal parasites

25
Q

Humans

A

-are eukaryotic

26
Q

Viruses

A

-acellular (are not cells)
-neither prokaryote or eukaryote
-need electron microscope to see
-reproduce using cell machinery of other organisms
-only considered living when they multiply within host cells they infect
-ie. HIV, Measles, Herpes, Hepatits, Covid-19, Influenza

27
Q

Covid-19

A

-continues to mutate (ie. delta, omicron, 3N1)
-coronavirus
-has spikes
-a mutation of SARS-CoV2
-MERS-CoV2 is transmitted between animals and people

28
Q

Pandemic

A

-widespread occurrence of a disease over the whole world or a country at a particular time

29
Q

Epidemic

A

Widespread disease within a community at a particular time

30
Q

Cell Theory

A

-developed by Robert Hooke (1665)
-all living things are composed of cells

31
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

-the belief that life can arise spontaneously form non-living matter

32
Q

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

A

-disproved Spontaneous Generation in 1861
-proved Biogenesis
-looked at food spoilage (beer/wine)

33
Q

Biogenesis

A

-Pasteur demonstrated that microbes are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions but air doesn’t create microbes

34
Q

Pasteurs Biogenesis Expiriement

A

1) Open flask: found microbes entered the open flask
2) Closed flask: found microbes did not enter the flask
3) S-neck flask: found microbes couldn’t enter the contents, even though air could get it, the curved neck trapped microorganisms

35
Q

Aseptic Techniques

A

-formed from the foundation of Biogenesis
-procedures that prevent contamination of unwanted microorganisms

36
Q

Fermentation

A

-many scientists believed air converted sugars into alcohol in the absence of air
-Pasteur found that instead yeasts converted the sugars into alcohol in the absence of air

37
Q

Souring and Spoilage

A

-caused by bacteria which is then converts sugar into alcohol and then eventually acetic acid (vinegar)

38
Q

Pasteurization

A

-Pasteurs solution to food spoilage
-applying just enough heat to kill the bacteria that caused the spoilage

39
Q

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

A

-established steps to link a specific microbe to a specific disease (Germ Theory of Disease)
-discovered Bacillus anthracis caused Anthrax

40
Q

Anthrax

A

-a biological weapon (used on 9/11) that causes death

41
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

-experimental steps to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease

42
Q

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

A

-found a way to protect people from small pox
-used fluid from a small pox blister and injected it into his son
-found his son was protected from small pox

43
Q

Immunity

A

protection from disease via vaccination

44
Q

Immunization

A

-Pasteur came across Jenner’s work and called it immunization
-the term vaccination was derived from vaca which means “cow”

HLSC 124 - Microbiology for Health Professionals (18 decks)

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