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HLSC 124 - Microbiology for Health Professionals > Chapter 23 - Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is septicemia?

A

-acute illness associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms in the blood

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2
Q

What is sepsis?

A

-systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
-caused by a focus of infection that releases mediators of inflammation into the blood stream

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3
Q

What diseases often accompanies sepsis and septicemia?

A

lymphangitis

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4
Q

What is lymphangitis?

A

-inflamed lymph vessels that appear as red streaks under the skin

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5
Q

Severe Sepsis

A

-drop in blood pressure
-dysfunction of at least one organ

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6
Q

Septic Shock

A

-final stage
-blood pressure can’t be controlled
-organs begin to fail

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7
Q

Symptoms of Sepsis

A

-fever
-chills
-accelerated breathing and heart rate

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8
Q

What is another name for puerperal sepsis?

A

childbirth fever

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9
Q

What bacteria causes puerperal sepsis?

A

-Group A Streptococcus Pyogenes

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10
Q

How is puerperal sepsis transmitted?

A

-to mother during childbirth by the healthcare team

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11
Q

What does puerperal sepsis lead to?

A

septic shock

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12
Q

What antibiotic is used to treat puerperal sepsis?

A

penicillin

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13
Q

What is Rheumatic fever?

A

-an autoimmune complication of S. pyogenes infections

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14
Q

What antibiotic is used to treat Rheumatic Fever?

A

penicillin

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15
Q

What are the initial symptoms of Rheumatic fever?

A

-short period of arthritis and fever
-subcutaneous nodules at joints

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16
Q

What can Rheumatic fever lead to in the heart?

A

-mitral valve stenosis
-inflammation of the hear
-chest pain, heart murmur, heart failure

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17
Q

Who discovered the bacteria that causes anthrax? What is it?

A

Robert Koch discovered Bacillus anthracis

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18
Q

What are the 3 unique characteristics of B. anthracis?

A

-forms endospores
-has an unusual capsule
-produces 3 exotoxins

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19
Q

What are the 3 exotoxins produced by B. anthracis?

A

-protective antigen: binds to target cells and permits entry
-edema toxin: causes local swelling
-lethal toxin: kills macrophages to evade phagocytosis

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20
Q

What is used to treat anthrax?

A

ciprofloxacin

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21
Q

What are the 3 forms of anthrax?

A
  1. GI anthrax
  2. Inhalation (pulmonary) anthrax
  3. Cutaneous anthrax
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22
Q

Gastrointestinal Anthrax

A

-ingestion of undercooked or contaminated food
-results in hemorrhaging

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23
Q

What is the mortality rate of GI anthrax?

A

50%

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24
Q

Pulmonary Anthrax

A

-most dangerous
-inhalation of endospores
-very fast septicemia

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25
Q

What is the mortality rate of pulmonary anthrax?

A

100%

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26
Q

Cutaneous Anthrax

A

-endospores enter through a break in the skin
-leads to skin eschar

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27
Q

What is the mortality rate of cutaneous anthrax?

A

20%

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28
Q

Is there an anthrax vaccine?

A

-Yes, you need 6 doses and a yearly booster
-Commonly given to front-line workers

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29
Q

What antibiotics are used for anthrax?

A

doxycycline or ciprofloxacin

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30
Q

Ischemia

A

-when a wound causes blood supply to tissue to be interrupted

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31
Q

Necrosis

A

tissue death

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32
Q

Gangrene

A

the death of soft tissue resulting from loss of blood supply

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33
Q

What is the bacteria involved in gangrene?

A

Clostridium perfringens

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34
Q

C. perfringens

A

-gram positive
-endospores
-anaerobes

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35
Q

Gas Gangrene

A

-develops after ischemia and necrosis

36
Q

What characterizes gangrene?

A

-blackening of tissue
-oozing body fluid

37
Q

What makes up the ‘gas’?

A

-C. perfringens ferments carbohydrates and produces gases like CO2 and H2

38
Q

What does the alpha toxin produced by C. perfringens do?

A

-breaks apart the plasma membrane of blood vessels
-inhibits lecithin

39
Q

How is gangrene treated?

A

-surgical removal of necrotic tissue
-amputation

40
Q

What can gangrene lead to?

A

-systemic illnesses and bloodstream infection that can be life threatening

41
Q

What bacteria causes spotted fever?

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

42
Q

Spotted fever is often mistaken for measles but differs in that…

A

the spotted fever macular rash also appears on palms of hands and soles of feet

43
Q

What symptoms accompany spotted fever?

A

-macular rash
-fever
-headache

44
Q

How is spotted fever spread?

A

tick bites

45
Q

What is used to treat spotted fever?

A

tetracycline and chloramphenicol

46
Q

Is there a vaccine for spotted fever?

A

no

47
Q

What is another name for HHV-4?

A

Epstein-Barr Virus

48
Q

What 4 viral diseases are caused by HHV-4?

A

-Burkitt’s Lymphoma
-Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
-Mononucleosis
-Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

48
Q

What is Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A

-a fast growing tumour of the jaw
-most common cause of childhood cancer in Africa

48
Q

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

A

-cancer of the nose and throat
-affects B-cell growth, this is also the site of latency

49
Q

How is mononucleosis spread?

A

saliva

50
Q

What is the incubation period of mononucleosis?

A

4-8 weeks

51
Q

Symptoms of Mono

A

-fever
-sore throat (with pus)
-extreme fatigue
-enlarged lymph nodes
-enlarged spleen

52
Q

With mono, what is unusual about the B-lymphocytes?

A

-abnormal proliferation
-unusual lobed nuclei
-used to diagnose by heterophile antibodies

53
Q

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

A

-muscle fatigue, memory loss, enlarged lymph nodes

54
Q

What herpes strain causes Cytomegalovirus?

A

HHSV-5

55
Q

Cytomegalovirus is an infection of the ____ cells.

A

T cells; swell 2-3x normal size

56
Q

Owl Eye Cells

A

characteristic of HHSV-5 cells that have inclusions that look like owl eyes

57
Q

Where does HHSV-5 lay latent?

A

white blood cells (T cells)

58
Q

How is HHSV-5 transmitted?

A

across the placenta or via saliva, semen, blood, vaginal secretions, breast milk

59
Q

What is the effect of HHSV-5 in babies?

A

severe mental retardation or hearing loss

60
Q

Cytomegalovirus retinitis

A

-eye infection of HIV patients who have HHSV-5

61
Q

Is there a vaccine for HHSV-5?

A

no

62
Q

What protozoa causes Malaria?

A

Plasmodium vivax

63
Q

Malaria has ___ hosts.

A

2

64
Q

Definitive Host

A

mosquito

65
Q

Intermediate Host

A

human

66
Q

Where do 90% of malaria deaths occur?

A

Africa

67
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

chills followed by hot flash, fever, vomiting, severe headache, sweating, aches, anemia, enlarged liver and spleen, kidney damage

68
Q

Malaria symptoms occur in _______ with _______ periods.

A

intervals; asymptomatic

69
Q

What is used to prevent malaria when traveling?

A

chroloquine

70
Q

What is used to treat malaria?

A

oral quinine and doxycycline to break the cycle

71
Q

How is malaria controlled

A

-bed nets (mosquito is a night feeder)

72
Q

Where do stages 1-6 of the malaria cycle occur?

A

in humans

73
Q

Where do stages 7-9 of the malaria cycle occur?

A

mosquito intestine

74
Q

Malaria ______ reproduces in humans and ______ reproduces in mosquitos

A

asexually; sexually

75
Q

Stage 1 Malaria

A

-infected mosquito bites human
-sporozites migrate through human bloodstream to liver

76
Q

Stage 2 Malaria

A

-sporozites undergo schizogony in liver cell
-merozoites produced

77
Q

Stage 3 Malaria

A

-merozoites released into blood

78
Q

Stage 4 Malaria

A

-merozoite develops into ring stage in RBC

79
Q

Stage 5 Malaria

A

-ring stage grows and divides
-merozoites produced

80
Q

Stage 6 Malaria

A

-merozoites released upon RBC rupture
-some infect new blood cells
-some develop into M and F gametocytes

81
Q

Stage 7 Malaria

A

-another mosquito bites human
-ingests gametocytes

82
Q

Stage 8 Malaria

A

-gametocytes unite to form zygote in mosquito GI tract

83
Q

Stage 9 Malaria

A

-sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito

HLSC 124 - Microbiology for Health Professionals (18 decks)

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