Chapter 23 - Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Question 1

What is septicemia?

Answer 1

-acute illness associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms in the blood

Question 2

What is sepsis?

Answer 2

-systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
-caused by a focus of infection that releases mediators of inflammation into the blood stream

Question 3

What diseases often accompanies sepsis and septicemia?

Answer 3

lymphangitis

Question 4

What is lymphangitis?

Answer 4

-inflamed lymph vessels that appear as red streaks under the skin

Question 5

Severe Sepsis

Answer 5

-drop in blood pressure
-dysfunction of at least one organ

Question 6

Septic Shock

Answer 6

-final stage
-blood pressure can’t be controlled
-organs begin to fail

Question 7

Symptoms of Sepsis

Answer 7

-fever
-chills
-accelerated breathing and heart rate

Question 8

What is another name for puerperal sepsis?

Answer 8

childbirth fever

Question 9

What bacteria causes puerperal sepsis?

Answer 9

-Group A Streptococcus Pyogenes

Question 10

How is puerperal sepsis transmitted?

Answer 10

-to mother during childbirth by the healthcare team

Question 11

What does puerperal sepsis lead to?

Answer 11

septic shock

Question 12

What antibiotic is used to treat puerperal sepsis?

Answer 12

penicillin

Question 13

What is Rheumatic fever?

Answer 13

-an autoimmune complication of S. pyogenes infections

Question 14

What antibiotic is used to treat Rheumatic Fever?

Answer 14

penicillin

Question 15

What are the initial symptoms of Rheumatic fever?

Answer 15

-short period of arthritis and fever
-subcutaneous nodules at joints

Question 16

What can Rheumatic fever lead to in the heart?

Answer 16

-mitral valve stenosis
-inflammation of the hear
-chest pain, heart murmur, heart failure

Question 17

Who discovered the bacteria that causes anthrax? What is it?

Answer 17

Robert Koch discovered Bacillus anthracis

Question 18

What are the 3 unique characteristics of B. anthracis?

Answer 18

-forms endospores
-has an unusual capsule
-produces 3 exotoxins

Question 19

What are the 3 exotoxins produced by B. anthracis?

Answer 19

-protective antigen: binds to target cells and permits entry
-edema toxin: causes local swelling
-lethal toxin: kills macrophages to evade phagocytosis

Question 20

What is used to treat anthrax?

Answer 20

ciprofloxacin

Question 21

What are the 3 forms of anthrax?

Answer 21

1. GI anthrax
2. Inhalation (pulmonary) anthrax
3. Cutaneous anthrax

Question 22

Gastrointestinal Anthrax

Answer 22

-ingestion of undercooked or contaminated food
-results in hemorrhaging

Question 23

What is the mortality rate of GI anthrax?

Answer 23

50%

Question 24

Pulmonary Anthrax

Answer 24

-most dangerous
-inhalation of endospores
-very fast septicemia

Question 25

What is the mortality rate of pulmonary anthrax?

Answer 25

100%

Question 26

Cutaneous Anthrax

Answer 26

-endospores enter through a break in the skin -leads to skin eschar

Question 27

What is the mortality rate of cutaneous anthrax?

Answer 27

20%

Question 28

Is there an anthrax vaccine?

Answer 28

-Yes, you need 6 doses and a yearly booster -Commonly given to front-line workers

Question 29

What antibiotics are used for anthrax?

Answer 29

doxycycline or ciprofloxacin

Question 30

Ischemia

Answer 30

-when a wound causes blood supply to tissue to be interrupted

Question 31

Necrosis

Answer 31

tissue death

Question 32

Gangrene

Answer 32

the death of soft tissue resulting from loss of blood supply

Question 33

What is the bacteria involved in gangrene?

Answer 33

Clostridium perfringens

Question 34

C. perfringens

Answer 34

-gram positive -endospores -anaerobes

Question 35

Gas Gangrene

Answer 35

-develops after ischemia and necrosis

Question 36

What characterizes gangrene?

Answer 36

-blackening of tissue -oozing body fluid

Question 37

What makes up the 'gas'?

Answer 37

-C. perfringens ferments carbohydrates and produces gases like CO2 and H2

Question 38

What does the alpha toxin produced by C. perfringens do?

Answer 38

-breaks apart the plasma membrane of blood vessels -inhibits lecithin

Question 39

How is gangrene treated?

Answer 39

-surgical removal of necrotic tissue -amputation

Question 40

What can gangrene lead to?

Answer 40

-systemic illnesses and bloodstream infection that can be life threatening

Question 41

What bacteria causes spotted fever?

Answer 41

Rickettsia rickettsii

Question 42

Spotted fever is often mistaken for measles but differs in that...

Answer 42

the spotted fever macular rash also appears on palms of hands and soles of feet

Question 43

What symptoms accompany spotted fever?

Answer 43

-macular rash -fever -headache

Question 44

How is spotted fever spread?

Answer 44

tick bites

Question 45

What is used to treat spotted fever?

Answer 45

tetracycline and chloramphenicol

Question 46

Is there a vaccine for spotted fever?

Answer 46

no

Question 47

What is another name for HHV-4?

Answer 47

Epstein-Barr Virus

Question 48

What 4 viral diseases are caused by HHV-4?

Answer 48

-Burkitt's Lymphoma -Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma -Mononucleosis -Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Question 48

What is Burkitt's Lymphoma?

Answer 48

-a fast growing tumour of the jaw -most common cause of childhood cancer in Africa

Question 48

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Answer 48

-cancer of the nose and throat -affects B-cell growth, this is also the site of latency

Question 49

How is mononucleosis spread?

Answer 49

saliva

Question 50

What is the incubation period of mononucleosis?

Answer 50

4-8 weeks

Question 51

Symptoms of Mono

Answer 51

-fever -sore throat (with pus) -extreme fatigue -enlarged lymph nodes -enlarged spleen

Question 52

With mono, what is unusual about the B-lymphocytes?

Answer 52

-abnormal proliferation -unusual lobed nuclei -used to diagnose by heterophile antibodies

Question 53

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Answer 53

-muscle fatigue, memory loss, enlarged lymph nodes

Question 54

What herpes strain causes Cytomegalovirus?

Answer 54

HHSV-5

Question 55

Cytomegalovirus is an infection of the ____ cells.

Answer 55

T cells; swell 2-3x normal size

Question 56

Owl Eye Cells

Answer 56

characteristic of HHSV-5 cells that have inclusions that look like owl eyes

Question 57

Where does HHSV-5 lay latent?

Answer 57

white blood cells (T cells)

Question 58

How is HHSV-5 transmitted?

Answer 58

across the placenta or via saliva, semen, blood, vaginal secretions, breast milk

Question 59

What is the effect of HHSV-5 in babies?

Answer 59

severe mental retardation or hearing loss

Question 60

Cytomegalovirus retinitis

Answer 60

-eye infection of HIV patients who have HHSV-5

Question 61

Is there a vaccine for HHSV-5?

Answer 61

no

Question 62

What protozoa causes Malaria?

Answer 62

Plasmodium vivax

Question 63

Malaria has ___ hosts.

Answer 63

2

Question 64

Definitive Host

Answer 64

mosquito

Question 65

Intermediate Host

Answer 65

human

Question 66

Where do 90% of malaria deaths occur?

Answer 66

Africa

Question 67

What are the symptoms of malaria?

Answer 67

chills followed by hot flash, fever, vomiting, severe headache, sweating, aches, anemia, enlarged liver and spleen, kidney damage

Question 68

Malaria symptoms occur in _______ with _______ periods.

Answer 68

intervals; asymptomatic

Question 69

What is used to prevent malaria when traveling?

Answer 69

chroloquine

Question 70

What is used to treat malaria?

Answer 70

oral quinine and doxycycline to break the cycle

Question 71

How is malaria controlled

Answer 71

-bed nets (mosquito is a night feeder)

Question 72

Where do stages 1-6 of the malaria cycle occur?

Answer 72

in humans

Question 73

Where do stages 7-9 of the malaria cycle occur?

Answer 73

mosquito intestine

Question 74

Malaria ______ reproduces in humans and ______ reproduces in mosquitos

Answer 74

asexually; sexually

Question 75

Stage 1 Malaria

Answer 75

-infected mosquito bites human -sporozites migrate through human bloodstream to liver

Question 76

Stage 2 Malaria

Answer 76

-sporozites undergo schizogony in liver cell -merozoites produced

Question 77

Stage 3 Malaria

Answer 77

-merozoites released into blood

Question 78

Stage 4 Malaria

Answer 78

-merozoite develops into ring stage in RBC

Question 79

Stage 5 Malaria

Answer 79

-ring stage grows and divides -merozoites produced

Question 80

Stage 6 Malaria

Answer 80

-merozoites released upon RBC rupture -some infect new blood cells -some develop into M and F gametocytes

Question 81

Stage 7 Malaria

Answer 81

-another mosquito bites human -ingests gametocytes

Question 82

Stage 8 Malaria

Answer 82

-gametocytes unite to form zygote in mosquito GI tract

Question 83

Stage 9 Malaria

Answer 83

-sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito