Chapter 11 - The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

Proteobacteria

Answer 1

-gram-negative bacteria
-five subclasses: alpha, beta, gamma, delta (no examples), and epsilon

Question 2

Alphaproteobacteria

Answer 2

-capable of growth in low levels of nutrients

Question 3

Ricksettia ricksetti (𝛂 1/1)

Answer 3

-gram-negative
-alphaproteobacteria
-rods/coccobacilli
-aerobic
-spread by insect and tick bites (a parasite)
-enter by phagocytosis and divide by binary fission
-cause spotted fever which can damage the cardiovascular system and in the worst case damages heart valves

Question 4

Betaproteobacteria

Answer 4

-mostly important pathogenic bacteria
-use nutrients to diffuse away from areas of anaerobic decomposition (hydrogen gas, ammonia, methane)

Question 5

Bordetella pertussis (β 1/3)

Answer 5

-gram-negative
-betaproteobacteria
-rods
-aerobic
-have a capsule
-cause pertussis (whooping cough)

Question 6

Neisseria meningitis (β 2/3)

Answer 6

-gram-negative
-betaproteobacteria
-diplococci
-aerobic
-have a capsule
-cause meningitis

Question 7

Neisseria gonorroeae (β 3/3)

Answer 7

-gram-negative
-betaproteobacteria
-diplococci
-aerobic
-have a capsule
-cause the STD gonorrhoea
-have fimbriae

Question 8

Gammaproteobacteria

Answer 8

-largest subgroup of proteobacteria
-subgroups include: pseudomonadales, legionellales, vibrionales, enterobacteriales, and haemophilus influenza

Question 9

𝛾: A. Pseudomonadales

Answer 9

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-rods or cocci
-pseudomonas aeruginosa and moraxella lacunata

Question 10

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (𝛾: A 1/2)

Answer 10

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-a pseudomonadale
-rods
-aerobic
-have flagella (monotrichous/lopotrichous)
-secrete blue/green pigment
-pus in burn victims
-UTIs
-septicemia
-pink eye (conjuctavitis)
-food spoilage (they are adaptable psychotrophs)
-popular in hospital contracted infections

Question 11

Moraxella lacunata (𝛾: A 2/2)

Answer 11

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-a pseudomonadale
-coccobacilli
-aerobic
-cause pink eye/conjunctivitis

Question 12

𝛾: B. Legionellales

Answer 12

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-rods
-aerobic
-grow easily on artificial media
-legionella pneumophile and coxiella burnetii

Question 13

Legionella pneumophile (𝛾: B 1/2)

Answer 13

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-a legionellale
-rods
-aerobic
-spread by water source (ie. ac units, humidifiers, hot water tank, shower head)
-cause Legionaires disease and pontiac fever

Question 14

Coxiella burnetti (𝛾: B 2/2)

Answer 14

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-a legionellale
-rods
-aerobic
-are the only gram-negative bacteria to have endospores
-spread through domesticated animals
-cause Q fever (mild pneumonia)

Question 15

𝛾: C. Vibrionales

Answer 15

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-found mostly in aquatic habitats

Question 16

Vibrio cholerae (𝛾: C 1/1)

Answer 16

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-a vibrionale
-curved rods (vibrio)
-facultative anaerobes
-have monotrichous flagella
-cause cholera (diarrhea)

Question 17

𝛾: D. Enteriobacteriales

Answer 17

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-have perotrichous falgella
-inhabit intestinal regions in humans and animals
-aka enterics
-most are fermenters
-produce bacteriocin that destroy other harmful species
-E. coli, two types of salmonella, and shigella

Question 18

Escherichia coli (𝛾: D 1/4)

Answer 18

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteira
-enteriobacteriales
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-highly researched
-used as regulatory agencies (coliform bacteria) to measure water purity
-traveleres diarrhea
-food infections (Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome)
-UTIs

Question 19

Salmonella enterica (𝛾: D 2/4)

Answer 19

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-enteriobacteriale
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-spread via a food source
-attack GI tract

Question 20

Salmonella typhi (𝛾: D 3/4)

Answer 20

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-enteriobacteriale
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-spread via humans
-lifelong carriers
-causes thyphoid fever

Question 21

Shigella dysenteriae (𝛾: D 4/4)

Answer 21

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-enteriobacteriale
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-shiga toxin (destroys GI cells and leaves scar)
-common in daycares

Question 22

𝛾: E. Haemophilus influenza

Answer 22

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-coccobacilli
-have a capsule
-aerobic
-grow in chocolate agar
-meningitis
-otitis media
-pneumonia
-NOT influenza

Question 23

Chocolate Agar

Answer 23

-bacteria require blood in their culture medium
-unable to synthesize parts of cytochrome needed for respiration
-obtain substances from blood

Question 24

X Factor

Answer 24

-heme fraction of hemoglobin in blood
-cytochrome

Question 25

V Factor

Answer 25

-provides NAD supply for ETC

Question 26

Epsilonproteobacteria (ϵ)

Answer 26

-gram-negative -helical or curved rods -move by flagella -microaerophilic -helicobacter pylori and campylobacter jejuni

Question 27

Helicobacter pylori (ϵ 1/2)

Answer 27

-gram-negative -epsilonproteobacteria -vibrio (curved rods) -microaerophilic -have peritrichous flagella -cause peptic ulcers

Question 28

Campylobacter jejuni (ϵ 2/2)

Answer 28

-gram-negative -epsilonproteobacteria -vibrio (curved rods) -microaerophilic -have monotrichous flagella -cause gastrogenteritis (from milk, meat, water)

Question 29

Chlamydiae

Answer 29

-gram-negative -non-proteobacteria -don't contain peptidoglycan in their cell calls

Question 30

Chlamydia trachomatis

Answer 30

-gram-negative -non-proteobacteira -coccobacillus -aerobic -spread via air or contact -unique life cycle -trachoma (eye infection) -Nongonococcal urethritis (NUG - an STD) -Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV - an STD)

Question 31

Life Cycle of C. trachomatis

Answer 31

-48 hours long -the infective part is the elementary body -uses receptor mediated endocytosis -the reticulate body matures the elementary body

Question 32

Bacteroidetes

Answer 32

-gram-negative -non-proteobacteria -perfectly shaped rods -obligate anaerobes -gingivitis -peritonitis (GI inflammation)

Question 33

Fusobacteria

Answer 33

-gram-negative -non-proteobacteria -often pleomorphic but are usually spindle shaped rods -obligate anaerobes -gingivitis (not as deep as bacteriodetes)

Question 34

Treponema Pallidum (Spirochaetes)

Answer 34

-gram-negative -non-proteobacteria -coiled, spring shape -move by axial filaments -cause syphilis -grown in-vivo (rabbits)

Question 35

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Answer 35

-divided in two groups: high (firmicutes) and low (actinobacteria) G + C ratio

Question 36

Clostridium

Answer 36

-gram-positive -firmicute -clostridiale -rod shaped (lollipop rods) -obligate anaerobes -have endospores -abundant in soil -C. tetani, tetanus -C. botulinum, botulism -C. perfringens, gangrene -C. difficile, diarrhea (nosocomial)

Question 37

Bacillus anthracis

Answer 37

-gram-positive -firmicute -bacillale -rods -facultative anaerobe -endospores -abundant in soil -causes anthrax (9/11 bio weapon)

Question 38

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 38

-gram-positive -firmicute -staphylococci -golden colonies -facultative anaerobes -grow in special medium -skin infections: sty, TSS, food poisoning, S. saprophyticus (UTI)

Question 38

Lactobacillales

Answer 38

-lactic acid producing -lack cytochrome system and can't use O₂ as final ETC acceptor -aerotolerant

Question 39

Lactobacillus sp.

Answer 39

-gram-positive -firmicute -lactobacillale -rods -aerotolerant -non-pathogenic -commercial use: food production -female health: puberty, create sterile vaginal region, digests sugars brought by estrogen -pregnancy: increase microbes, first contact between mom and baby builds immune system

Question 40

Streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 40

-gram-positive -firmicute -lactobacillale -aerotolerant -spherical, appear in chains -Beta-hemolytic, produce clear zone on blood agar -skin infections -strep throat -rheumatic fever -scarlet fever -otitis media -attach via M protein (allow bacteria to avoid phagocytosis)

Question 41

Streptococcus mutins

Answer 41

-gram-positive -firmicute -lactobacillale -alpha-hemolytic, when colony grows on blood agar the colonies are surrounded by green -change hemoglobin into methemoglobin -appear in chains -cause dental decay -attach via capsule

Question 42

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 42

-gram-positive -firmicute -lactobacillale -alphahemolytic -cause pneumonia -have capsule -cause meningitis -otitis media -found in pairs

Question 43

Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 43

-gram-positive -firmicute -lactobacillale -rods -facultative anaerobes -psychotroph: food spoilage -grow in immune system cells -causes listeriosis, suppresses immune system and can lead to meningitis -dangerous during pregnancy

Question 44

Enterococcus faecalis and faecium

Answer 44

-gram-positive -firmicute -lactobacillale -facultative anaerobes -hardy, hospital acquired infections (surgical wounds, catheter, UTI)

Question 45

Tenericutes

Answer 45

-includes wall-less bacteria called mycoplasmas -highly plepmorphic -can produce filaments that resemble fungi

Question 46

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Answer 46

-gram-positive -tenericute -mycoplasma -have no cell wall -have sterols -fried egg colonies -pleomorphic -cause walking pneumonia (treatment: attack protein synthesis not cell wall, tetracycline antibiotics) -grow fast and can contaminate other samples in labs

Question 47

Mycobacterium sp.

Answer 47

-gram-positive -actinobacteria -rods -aerobic -non-endospore forming -use acid fast stain -slow growth, won't see colonies for 4-6 weeks due to slow nutrient entrance and long lag phase -resistant to desiccation, antiseptics, antibiotics -cause TB and leprosy

Question 48

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Answer 48

-gram-positive -actinobacteria -rods -facultative anaerobes -pleomorphic: picket fence or Chinese alphabet -cause diphtheria, upper respiratory tract infection and create a pseudomembrane (leather like film)

Question 49

Propionibacterium sp.

Answer 49

-gram-positive -actinobacteria -fermenters -swiss cheese -nutty flavour due to propionic acid -holes due to CO2

Question 50

Propionibacterium acnes

Answer 50

-gram-positive -actinobacteria -propionibacterium -rods -not a fermenter -cause acne -grows where sebaceous glands are -hormones feed the bacteria -benzoyl peroxide treats