Chapter 11 - The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

Proteobacteria

Answer 1

-gram-negative bacteria
-five subclasses: alpha, beta, gamma, delta (no examples), and epsilon

Question 2

Alphaproteobacteria

Answer 2

-capable of growth in low levels of nutrients

Question 3

Ricksettia ricksetti (𝛂 1/1)

Answer 3

-gram-negative
-alphaproteobacteria
-rods/coccobacilli
-aerobic
-spread by insect and tick bites (a parasite)
-enter by phagocytosis and divide by binary fission
-cause spotted fever which can damage the cardiovascular system and in the worst case damages heart valves

Question 4

Betaproteobacteria

Answer 4

-mostly important pathogenic bacteria
-use nutrients to diffuse away from areas of anaerobic decomposition (hydrogen gas, ammonia, methane)

Question 5

Bordetella pertussis (β 1/3)

Answer 5

-gram-negative
-betaproteobacteria
-rods
-aerobic
-have a capsule
-cause pertussis (whooping cough)

Question 6

Neisseria meningitis (β 2/3)

Answer 6

-gram-negative
-betaproteobacteria
-diplococci
-aerobic
-have a capsule
-cause meningitis

Question 7

Neisseria gonorroeae (β 3/3)

Answer 7

-gram-negative
-betaproteobacteria
-diplococci
-aerobic
-have a capsule
-cause the STD gonorrhoea
-have fimbriae

Question 8

Gammaproteobacteria

Answer 8

-largest subgroup of proteobacteria
-subgroups include: pseudomonadales, legionellales, vibrionales, enterobacteriales, and haemophilus influenza

Question 9

𝛾: A. Pseudomonadales

Answer 9

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-rods or cocci
-pseudomonas aeruginosa and moraxella lacunata

Question 10

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (𝛾: A 1/2)

Answer 10

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-a pseudomonadale
-rods
-aerobic
-have flagella (monotrichous/lopotrichous)
-secrete blue/green pigment
-pus in burn victims
-UTIs
-septicemia
-pink eye (conjuctavitis)
-food spoilage (they are adaptable psychotrophs)
-popular in hospital contracted infections

Question 11

Moraxella lacunata (𝛾: A 2/2)

Answer 11

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-a pseudomonadale
-coccobacilli
-aerobic
-cause pink eye/conjunctivitis

Question 12

𝛾: B. Legionellales

Answer 12

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-rods
-aerobic
-grow easily on artificial media
-legionella pneumophile and coxiella burnetii

Question 13

Legionella pneumophile (𝛾: B 1/2)

Answer 13

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-a legionellale
-rods
-aerobic
-spread by water source (ie. ac units, humidifiers, hot water tank, shower head)
-cause Legionaires disease and pontiac fever

Question 14

Coxiella burnetti (𝛾: B 2/2)

Answer 14

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-a legionellale
-rods
-aerobic
-are the only gram-negative bacteria to have endospores
-spread through domesticated animals
-cause Q fever (mild pneumonia)

Question 15

𝛾: C. Vibrionales

Answer 15

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-found mostly in aquatic habitats

Question 16

Vibrio cholerae (𝛾: C 1/1)

Answer 16

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-a vibrionale
-curved rods (vibrio)
-facultative anaerobes
-have monotrichous flagella
-cause cholera (diarrhea)

Question 17

𝛾: D. Enteriobacteriales

Answer 17

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-have perotrichous falgella
-inhabit intestinal regions in humans and animals
-aka enterics
-most are fermenters
-produce bacteriocin that destroy other harmful species
-E. coli, two types of salmonella, and shigella

Question 18

Escherichia coli (𝛾: D 1/4)

Answer 18

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteira
-enteriobacteriales
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-highly researched
-used as regulatory agencies (coliform bacteria) to measure water purity
-traveleres diarrhea
-food infections (Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome)
-UTIs

Question 19

Salmonella enterica (𝛾: D 2/4)

Answer 19

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-enteriobacteriale
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-spread via a food source
-attack GI tract

Question 20

Salmonella typhi (𝛾: D 3/4)

Answer 20

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-enteriobacteriale
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-spread via humans
-lifelong carriers
-causes thyphoid fever

Question 21

Shigella dysenteriae (𝛾: D 4/4)

Answer 21

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-enteriobacteriale
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-shiga toxin (destroys GI cells and leaves scar)
-common in daycares

Question 22

𝛾: E. Haemophilus influenza

Answer 22

-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-coccobacilli
-have a capsule
-aerobic
-grow in chocolate agar
-meningitis
-otitis media
-pneumonia
-NOT influenza

Question 23

Chocolate Agar

Answer 23

-bacteria require blood in their culture medium
-unable to synthesize parts of cytochrome needed for respiration
-obtain substances from blood

Question 24

X Factor

Answer 24

-heme fraction of hemoglobin in blood
-cytochrome

Question 25

V Factor

Answer 25

-provides NAD supply for ETC

Question 26

Epsilonproteobacteria (ϵ)

Answer 26

-gram-negative
-helical or curved rods
-move by flagella
-microaerophilic
-helicobacter pylori and campylobacter jejuni

Question 27

Helicobacter pylori (ϵ 1/2)

Answer 27

-gram-negative
-epsilonproteobacteria
-vibrio (curved rods)
-microaerophilic
-have peritrichous flagella
-cause peptic ulcers

Question 28

Campylobacter jejuni (ϵ 2/2)

Answer 28

-gram-negative
-epsilonproteobacteria
-vibrio (curved rods)
-microaerophilic
-have monotrichous flagella
-cause gastrogenteritis (from milk, meat, water)

Question 29

Chlamydiae

Answer 29

-gram-negative
-non-proteobacteria
-don’t contain peptidoglycan in their cell calls

Question 30

Chlamydia trachomatis

Answer 30

-gram-negative
-non-proteobacteira
-coccobacillus
-aerobic
-spread via air or contact
-unique life cycle
-trachoma (eye infection)
-Nongonococcal urethritis (NUG - an STD)
-Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV - an STD)

Question 31

Life Cycle of C. trachomatis

Answer 31

-48 hours long
-the infective part is the elementary body
-uses receptor mediated endocytosis
-the reticulate body matures the elementary body

Question 32

Bacteroidetes

Answer 32

-gram-negative
-non-proteobacteria
-perfectly shaped rods
-obligate anaerobes
-gingivitis
-peritonitis (GI inflammation)

Question 33

Fusobacteria

Answer 33

-gram-negative
-non-proteobacteria
-often pleomorphic but are usually spindle shaped rods
-obligate anaerobes
-gingivitis (not as deep as bacteriodetes)

Question 34

Treponema Pallidum (Spirochaetes)

Answer 34

-gram-negative
-non-proteobacteria
-coiled, spring shape
-move by axial filaments
-cause syphilis
-grown in-vivo (rabbits)

Question 35

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Answer 35

-divided in two groups: high (firmicutes) and low (actinobacteria) G + C ratio

Question 36

Clostridium

Answer 36

-gram-positive
-firmicute
-clostridiale
-rod shaped (lollipop rods)
-obligate anaerobes
-have endospores
-abundant in soil
-C. tetani, tetanus
-C. botulinum, botulism
-C. perfringens, gangrene
-C. difficile, diarrhea (nosocomial)

Question 37

Bacillus anthracis

Answer 37

-gram-positive
-firmicute
-bacillale
-rods
-facultative anaerobe
-endospores
-abundant in soil
-causes anthrax (9/11 bio weapon)

Question 38

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 38

-gram-positive
-firmicute
-staphylococci
-golden colonies
-facultative anaerobes
-grow in special medium
-skin infections: sty, TSS, food poisoning, S. saprophyticus (UTI)

Question 38

Lactobacillales

Answer 38

-lactic acid producing
-lack cytochrome system and can’t use O₂ as final ETC acceptor
-aerotolerant

Question 39

Lactobacillus sp.

Answer 39

-gram-positive
-firmicute
-lactobacillale
-rods
-aerotolerant
-non-pathogenic
-commercial use: food production
-female health: puberty, create sterile vaginal region, digests sugars brought by estrogen
-pregnancy: increase microbes, first contact between mom and baby builds immune system

Question 40

Streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 40

-gram-positive
-firmicute
-lactobacillale
-aerotolerant
-spherical, appear in chains
-Beta-hemolytic, produce clear zone on blood agar
-skin infections
-strep throat
-rheumatic fever
-scarlet fever
-otitis media
-attach via M protein (allow bacteria to avoid phagocytosis)

Question 41

Streptococcus mutins

Answer 41

-gram-positive
-firmicute
-lactobacillale
-alpha-hemolytic, when colony grows on blood agar the colonies are surrounded by green
-change hemoglobin into methemoglobin
-appear in chains
-cause dental decay
-attach via capsule

Question 42

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 42

-gram-positive
-firmicute
-lactobacillale
-alphahemolytic
-cause pneumonia
-have capsule
-cause meningitis
-otitis media
-found in pairs

Question 43

Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 43

-gram-positive
-firmicute
-lactobacillale
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-psychotroph: food spoilage
-grow in immune system cells
-causes listeriosis, suppresses immune system and can lead to meningitis
-dangerous during pregnancy

Question 44

Enterococcus faecalis and faecium

Answer 44

-gram-positive
-firmicute
-lactobacillale
-facultative anaerobes
-hardy, hospital acquired infections (surgical wounds, catheter, UTI)

Question 45

Tenericutes

Answer 45

-includes wall-less bacteria called mycoplasmas
-highly plepmorphic
-can produce filaments that resemble fungi

Question 46

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Answer 46

-gram-positive
-tenericute
-mycoplasma
-have no cell wall
-have sterols
-fried egg colonies
-pleomorphic
-cause walking pneumonia (treatment: attack protein synthesis not cell wall, tetracycline antibiotics)
-grow fast and can contaminate other samples in labs

Question 47

Mycobacterium sp.

Answer 47

-gram-positive
-actinobacteria
-rods
-aerobic
-non-endospore forming
-use acid fast stain
-slow growth, won’t see colonies for 4-6 weeks due to slow nutrient entrance and long lag phase
-resistant to desiccation, antiseptics, antibiotics
-cause TB and leprosy

Question 48

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Answer 48

-gram-positive
-actinobacteria
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-pleomorphic: picket fence or Chinese alphabet
-cause diphtheria, upper respiratory tract infection and create a pseudomembrane (leather like film)

Question 49

Propionibacterium sp.

Answer 49

-gram-positive
-actinobacteria
-fermenters
-swiss cheese
-nutty flavour due to propionic acid
-holes due to CO2

Question 50

Propionibacterium acnes

Answer 50

-gram-positive
-actinobacteria
-propionibacterium
-rods
-not a fermenter
-cause acne
-grows where sebaceous glands are
-hormones feed the bacteria
-benzoyl peroxide treats