chapter 1: what is psychology?

Question 1

the scientific study of behaviour and mind

Answer 1

psychology

Question 2

introduced the term tabula rasa (blank state), describing that humans are always learning from experience (nurture)

Answer 2

Aristotle

Question 3

philosophy and physiology

Answer 3

two fields of study that relate to psychology

Question 4

the belief that knowledge is gained directly from experience and observation

Answer 4

empiricism

Question 5

observable actions or responses

Answer 5

behaviours

Question 6

the philosophical position that the mind and body are entirely separated

Answer 6

dualism

Question 7

French philosopher who described that the mind is inherent immaterial that could not be described through the physical body and introduced the concept of reflex

Answer 7

René Descartes

Question 8

attempt to understand the fundamental principles that govern behaviour and mind

Answer 8

basic research

Question 9

psychology that studies how and why maladaptive behaviour develops by examining thought and emotions along with underlying biology of mental illness

Answer 9

abnormal psychology

Question 10

psychology that studies how variation in genetic structure and expression reflect in differences in behaviour patterns

Answer 10

behavioural genetics

Question 11

psychology that studies how information is process (attention, perception, memory, problem solving, language, and thought)

Answer 11

cognitive psychology

Question 12

psychology that studies the behaviour of non-human animals and how they compare to human psychology

Answer 12

comparative psychology

Question 13

psychology that studies how people develop across the lifespan “womb to tomb”

Answer 13

developmental psychology

Question 14

cognitive neuroscience or neuropsychology, the study of how specific brain regions or activity influences behaviour, to understand the physical underpinnings of their observations

Answer 14

behavioural neuroscience

Question 15

psychology that studies how and why people act differently based on characteristics or traits

Answer 15

personality psychology

Question 16

psychology that studies how an individual is influences by the environment and other people

Answer 16

social psychology

Question 17

the use of psychological principles to solve practical problems, typically by influencing behaviour or changing the environment to match existing behaviour

Answer 17

applied psychology

Question 18

done in an effort to discover a new or more effective way to solve a specific practical problem

Answer 18

applied research

Question 19

the application of techniques to problems

Answer 19

applied practice

Question 20

the effect to translate basic findings into practical solutions

Answer 20

translational research

Question 21

focus on identify, preventing and relieving distress that is psychological in origin

Answer 21

clinical psychology

Question 22

medical doctors that focus on the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness

Answer 22

psychiatrists

Question 23

the belief that some forms of knowledge are innate

Answer 23

nativism

Question 24

the belief that all human behaviour is controlled by genetic and biological influences

Answer 24

biological determinism

Question 25

emphasized the functional nature of traits and how adaptive traits exist to solve problems

Answer 25

evolutionary theory

Question 26

one's genetic structure

Answer 26

genotype

Question 27

one's physical trait

Answer 27

phenotype

Question 28

pseudoscientific study of the human skull to associate brain areas to specific characteristics or abilities

Answer 28

phrenology

Question 29

"father of modern psychology", developed structuralism, focused on mental experience and sensation and perception

Answer 29

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 30

the act of breaking down immediate conscious experience into its basic elements and understanding how those combine to create experience

Answer 30

structuralism

Question 31

method used by Wundt to understand the components of mental processes based on participants' self reports of their thoughts, feelings, and mental images

Answer 31

introspection

Question 32

to standardize the way that people report their own experiences so it could be compared to other's more effectively

Answer 32

systematic introspection

Question 33

focusing on how people perceive an unified whole out of the many chaotic individual elements of sensation

Answer 33

Gestalt

Question 34

the position that psychologists must first understand the function of a behaviour or mental processes to understand how its part work together

Answer 34

functionalism

Question 35

"father of American Psychology", functionalist

Answer 35

William James

Question 36

William James' student, the first person in the U.S. to receive a doctorate degree in psychology in 1878

Answer 36

G. Stanley Hall

Question 37

influential in animal learning

Answer 37

Edward Thorndike

Question 38

suggests observable behaviour should be the only topic of study, ignoring conscious experience (what functionalism and structuralism were focused on)

Answer 38

behaviourism

Question 39

American psychologist who popularized the idea that the mind and internal mental states were beyond the scope of psychology, which should focus solely on the study of observable behaviour, "little albert", "classical conditioning"

Answer 39

John B. Watson

Question 40

operant conditioning (how rewards and punishments can alter one's behaviour), one of the leading thinkers in behaviourism by 1950s

Answer 40

B.F. Skinner

Question 41

the time when new technologies allowed psychologists to reevaluate their abilities on making inferences about the mind/internal mental states, returned the focus of psychology to the scientific understanding of the mind

Answer 41

the cognitive revolution

Question 42

contemporary researcher who studies language and cognition

Answer 42

Steven Pinker

Question 43

ancient Greek physician who made connection between mental illness and the physical body

Answer 43

Hippocrates

Question 44

critical in resolving mental health issues, the process of analyzing the contents of the unconscious mind so thoughts and feelings could be brought to the level of consciousness, methods used by Sigmund Freud

Answer 44

Psychoanalysis

Question 45

physician who believed that mental illnesses originated from the unconscious mind

Answer 45

Sigmund Freud

Question 46

proposed that people have free will to realize their own potential, focuses on positive aspects of the human condition (creativity, potential for growth)

Answer 46

humanists

Question 47

humanist with the person-centred approach to therapy, therapist's role is to listen rather than analyze

Answer 47

Carl Rogers

Question 48

humanist who reconstructed Freud's view of human nature, choosing to emphasize the internal driving force for humans to satisfy basic needs for survival

Answer 48

Abraham Mazlow

Question 49

Abraham Mazlow hierarchy of needs

Answer 49

people are motivated to fulfill psychological needs and ultimately strive for self-actual inaction

Question 50

focused on how humans flourish and how positive outcomes can be achieved

Answer 50

positive psychology

Question 51

clinical psychology that uses different therapeutic techniques depending on their effectiveness for the situation

Answer 51

eclectic approach

Question 52

addresses why a psychological phenomenon occurs by appealing to its role in the process of evolution

Answer 52

ultimate explanation

Question 53

describes a direct cause of a psychological phenomenon

Answer 53

proximate explanation

Question 54

proximate explanation that identifies a specific problem as the cause of a psychological phenomenon

Answer 54

functional explanation

Question 55

proximate explanation that focus on how a specific mental or physical process explains a psychological phenomenon

Answer 55

process-oriented explanation

Question 56

evolutionary perspective, proposes that many mental process developed in response to natural selection to solve adaptive problems

Answer 56

evolutionary psychology

Question 57

attempt to flip the process of evolutionary psychology by first identifying adaptive problems humans would have had to solve, then proposing ways to test for mental processes that solve these problems

Answer 57

James Nairne

Question 58

a suite of behaviours we perform in response to environmental and emotional cues to reduce the likelihood of disease transmission

Answer 58

behavioural immune system

Question 59

set of beliefs, attitudes, behaviours, and customs shared by a specific group or community

Answer 59

culture

Question 60

studying issues related to culture and cultural identify, focusing that people are not defined by any single aspect of their identities (Kimberlé Crenshaw)

Answer 60

intersectional approach