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psya01 > chapter 5: sensation and perception > Flashcards

chapter 5: sensation and perception Flashcards

1
Q

the elementary parts of the environment that the brain uses to create meaning

A

sensations

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2
Q

the processing of stimuli to create a sensory understanding of the world (brain taking in information and combining it with previous knowledge)

A

perception

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3
Q

the neural processing that starts with the physical message or sensations (early-level analysis that prepares the information for use)

A

bottom-up processing

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4
Q

when we combine incoming neural massage with our understanding of the world to interpret information in a way that has value

A

top-down processing

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5
Q

believed that perception was more complicated than assembling messages, but we are born with predisposed ways of organizing information so that it has utility

A

Gestalt psychologists

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6
Q

outlines the fundamental ways we see the world

A

Gestalt principles of organization

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7
Q

fundamental way we organize information (prioritizing information)

A

principle of figure-ground

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8
Q

states that objects that are close to one another will be grouped together

A

principle of proximity

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9
Q

states that objects that are similar to one another will be grouped together

A

principle of similarity

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10
Q

states that people tend to perceive whole objects even when part of the information is missing

A

principle of closure

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11
Q

states that if lines cross each other or are interrupted, we tend to still see the continuously flowing lines

A

principle of good continuation

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12
Q

states that objects that are moving together will be grouped together

A

principle of common fate

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13
Q

contains photosensitive receptor cells, at the back of the eye

A

retina

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14
Q

the outmost, transparent, protective layer of the eye, performs 80% of the focusing of a visual image

A

cornea

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15
Q

a hole that expands and contracts depending on the environment, it controls the amount of light that reaches the retina

A

pupil

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16
Q

eye colour, controls the size of the pupil with the band of muscles attached it to

A

iris

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17
Q

flexible piece of tissue layered like an onion, helps refract light and bring the object into focus on the retina
it elongates when the object is far and rounder and thicker when the object is close

A

lens

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18
Q

shortsightedness, meaning longer eyes than average, lens focuses the image before it reaches the retina so when it arrives at the photoreceptors, the image is no longer clear

A

myopia

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19
Q

where light is transduced into cellular activity

A

photoreceptors

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20
Q

responsive to low levels of light (night vision), respond to the amount of light but not the quality of the light, helps compile early processing about locations of objects and the location of motion in the environment

A

rods

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21
Q

responsive to bright lighting conditions, responsible for communicating information about acuity and colour, the only cells that communicated about the wavelength (colour) of an object

A

cones

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22
Q

a dense cluster of 6 million cones, no rods

A

fovea

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23
Q

occurs as rods and cones adapt to change in light

A

dark adaptation

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24
Q

upside down, only has the centre in focus (possessed by high-acuity, colour-sensitive cones) and peripheral more blurry and black and white (possessed by the rods)

A

retinal image

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25
Q

receive messages from 50 rods then add together the experience of photoreceptors and send a single message to the magno ganglion cell

A

diffuse bipolar cells

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26
Q

receive input from only one cone which is then sent to only a single parvo ganglion cell

A

midget bipolar cells

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27
Q

Parvo or P-cells (think petite), receive information from the midget bipolar cells, colour processing, make up 70% of the ganglion cells in the retina, send to the brain about qualities of colour and detail

A

small ganglion cell

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28
Q

Magno or M-cells (think massive), receive information from the diffuse bipolar cells, processing low levels of light, send information about motion and visual stimuli in the periphery

A

large ganglion cells

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29
Q

ganglion cells only responds to specific portion of the eye or when specific cells are active, organized in a centre-surround fashion

A

receptive field

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30
Q

made up of axons of both M- and P-cells that enters the brain

A

optic nerve

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31
Q

a spot on the retina that has no photoreceptors, where axons of M- and P- cells leave to send message to the brain (not noticed because brain fills in the gap)

A

blind spot

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32
Q

an x-shaped structure where optic nerves from each eye cross before the message is sent to the thalamus

A

optic chiasm

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33
Q

six-layered portion of the thalamus that processes and organizes visual information, deals with information from M- and P- cells

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

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34
Q

located in the occipital lobe where important features of the visual world are assembled and identified

A

visual striate cortex (VC)

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35
Q

neuron maintains a spatial organization as it is processed in both the LGN and the striate cortex

A

retinotopic organization

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36
Q

specialized cells in the VC that respond most actively to specific stimuli

A

feature detectors

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37
Q

feature-detecting cells in the visual striate cortex that responds to small stationary bars of light oriented at specific angles

A

simple cell

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38
Q

feature-detecting cells that responds to line of particular orientations that are moving in specific directions

A

complex cell

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39
Q

“what stream”, takes information from occipital lobe to temporal lobe, where we identify the object

A

ventral stream

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40
Q

“where stream”, takes information from occipital lobe to parietal lobe, where we identify the location of the object

A

dorsal stream

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41
Q

the whole process of seeing

A

cornea -> pupil -> lens -> rods/cones -> diffuse and midget bipolar cells -> small and large ganglion cells -> optic chiasm -> lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus -> visual cortex

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42
Q

responds to blue

A

short cones (S-cones)

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43
Q

respond best to greens

A

medium wavelength cones (M-cones)

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44
Q

respond ti oranges and reds

A

long wavelength cones (L-cones)

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45
Q

proposes that colour information is identified by comparing the activation of different cones in the retina

A

trichromatic theory

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46
Q

the cells respond equally to these two wavelengths so the brain cannot perceive the difference

A

red-green colour blindness

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47
Q

occurs when green cones have red photopigment

A

deuteranopia

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48
Q

occurs when red cones have green photopigment

A

protanopia

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49
Q

responds vigorously to one wavelength and reduce firing rate when they receive a signal indicating a different one
red and green / blue and yellow / black and white

A

P-cells colour pairing

50
Q

maintained in the LGN of the thalamus, states that cells in the visual pathway increase their activation when receiving information from one kind of cone and decrease their activation a second colour appears (image after effect)

A

opponent process

51
Q

cues that only require one eye and can be represented on a two-dimensional canvas (retina)

A

monocular depth cues

52
Q

occurs when one image partially blocks the view of a second object, making the blocked object seen as farther away

A

occulsion

53
Q

relative height objects closer to the horizon will appear farther away

A

relative height

54
Q

two objects are of the equal size but the one further will take up smaller portion of the retina

A

relative size

55
Q

uses the assumption of relative size, making the people walking in it to shrink and grow depending on their positions

A

Ames room

56
Q

as parallel lines move away from us they seem to converge or come close together

A

perspective convergence

57
Q

judging distances based on our knowledge of that object’s size

A

familiar size

58
Q

occurs when more distant objects appear hazy and have a slight blue tint because of the air particles, dust, pollution, and water droplets occupying the space in between

A

atmospheric perspective

59
Q

cues that require both eyes to make comparison between the images from both eyes

A

binocular depth cues

60
Q

the difference between the retinal image that falls on both eyes, as images become farther away, they have a smaller degree of disparity on the retinas

A

retinal disparity

61
Q

mechanical energy that requires a medium (air or water) to move through space, which brain interprets as small vibrating air molecules

A

sound

62
Q

determined by the rate of vibrations, the higher it is = higher pitch

A

frequency

63
Q

perceived as loudness, amplitude of the wave, measured in decibels (dB)

A

intensity

64
Q

the external part of the ear, shaped this way to filter the sound into the ear canal toward the tympanic membrane

A

pinna

65
Q

the eardrum, the surface transfers energy to the ossicles

A

tympanic membrane

66
Q

three smallest unbreakable bones in our body that amplifies the vibration arriving the eardrum and transmits these signals to the oval window of cochlea (malleus, incus, and stapes)

A

ossicles

67
Q

transfers vibrations to cochlea

A

oval window

68
Q

bony sound processor of the inner ear where it is transduced into the neural language of the brain

A

cochlea

69
Q

flexible piece of tissue where the hair cell is located inside the cochlea

A

basilar membrane

70
Q

bony chambers connecting to cochlea, fluid moving in each chamber provides directional information to our vestibular system (head rotation and changes in acceleration)

A

semicircular canals

71
Q

transduction in the ear

A

occurs when the vibrations against the oval window cause fluid inside the cochlea to move, pushing cilia (thin fibres) attached to the sensory hair cells, basilar membrane ripple, causing cilia to bend and create an excitatory message to cascade from the ear to the brain via auditory nerve

72
Q

the whole process of hearing

A

pinna -> tympanic membrane -> auditory ossicles -> oval window -> basilar membrane -> semicircular canals -> cochlea -> auditory cortex

73
Q

suggests that we understand pitch because of the location of firing on the basilar membrane

A

place theory

74
Q

states that the brain uses information related to the rate of cells firing, the more rapid it is the higher the perception of pitch

A

frequency theory

75
Q

auditory cortex located in the temporal lobes

A

auditory cortex

76
Q

the portion in the thalamus that evaluates and organized information before sending it to auditory cortex

A

medial geniculate nucleus

77
Q

spatial organization of neurons as it is processed in the thalamus and auditory cortex

A

tonotopic organization

78
Q

auditory cues that require comparisons from both ears to understand the location of the sound

A

binaural cues

79
Q

comparisons made between the arrival time of a sound in each ear

A

interaural time differences

80
Q

uses two microphones arranged to record sounds in the approximate location of human ears

A

binaural recording

81
Q

the head absorbs a small portion of the sound so the ear closest to the sound will perceive the noise as slightly louder than the second ear

A

interaural level differences

82
Q

“earworm”, the experience of an inability to dislodge a song and prevent it from repeating in one’s head

A

involuntary musical imagery

83
Q

example of how visual information can be used to help supplement the sounds coming into our ears

A

McGurk effect

84
Q

sensory cells in the nose the respond to properties in air molecules that are interpreted as smell and taste

A

chemoreceptors

85
Q

the only sense that doesn’t first go through the thalamus

A

olfaction

86
Q

detect odorants, humans have 350 types of these receptors, each responding to different ranges of molecules

A

olfactory receptor neurons

87
Q

where the olfactory receptors neurons are located

A

olfactory mucosa

88
Q

consolidate all the messages from a particular receptor type in the olfactory bulb

A

glomeruli

89
Q

five basic tastes

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami

90
Q

the little bumps on the tongue where taste buds are located

A

papillae

91
Q

found over the entire surface of the tongue and give the tongue its fuzzy appearance (doesn’t contain taste buds)

A

filiform papillae

92
Q

on the tips and sides of the tongue, look like little mushrooms

A

fungiform papillae

93
Q

along the back of the tongue

A

foliate papillae

94
Q

on the back of the tongue and are shaped like little mounds

A

circumvallate papillae

95
Q

the location of taste-sensitive cells on tongue (taste buds contains 50-100 taste sensitive cells)

A

taste pore

96
Q

transduction in taste

A

chemicals bind to receptor sites on the taste pore, and message is sent through afferent nerves to the brain and stomach

97
Q

both taste and smell are combined here

A

orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

98
Q

neurons that respond to more than one sense that specialize in determining sensations that occur together

A

bimodal neurons

99
Q

receptors cells embedded in the skin that respond to pressure, where information about texture is derived from

A

mechanoreceptors

100
Q

mechanoreceptors located close to skin surface that fire continuously when skin is making contact with an object (fine details)

A

Merkel receptor

101
Q

mechanoreceptors located close to surface of the skin that fire when skin first encounters the stimulus and when it is removed

A

Meissner receptor

102
Q

mechanoreceptors located deeper in the skin that is associated with interpreting the stretching of the skin

A

Ruffini cylinder

103
Q

mechanoreceptors located deeper in the skin that feels vibration and texture

A

Pacinian corpuscle

104
Q

organizes information from the body

A

somatosensory cortex

105
Q

the spatial organization of touch, two adjacent points of contact on the skin are represented by two adjacent points of neural activity on the cortex

A

somatotopic organization

106
Q

receptors in skin that is designed to detect changes in temperature

A

thermoreceptors

107
Q

detect pain and send a signal to our brain

A

nociceptors

108
Q

suggests that impulses that indicate painful stimuli can be blocked in the spinal cord by signals sent from the brain

A

gate-control theory of pain

109
Q

respond to damaging and painful stimuli

A

small diameter fibres (S-fibres)

110
Q

activated when S-fibres are active, determines the intensity of the perception of pain

A

transmission cell (T-cell)

111
Q

send signals to the brain about stimulation that is not painful, inhibits the activation of T-cells, which closes the gate and decreases the perception of pain

A

large diamater fibres (L-fibres)

112
Q

congenital insensitivity to pain, a rare condition where the effected is unable to perceive pain and temperature, results from a recessive allele on chromosome 2

A

congenital analgesia

113
Q

provides basic understanding of where our body is in space and how to move our bodies to accomplish tasks, relies on touch senses, signals from joints are sent to the somatosensory cortex

A

kinesthetic sense

114
Q

our sense of balance, sensory cells located in the cochlea

A

vestibular sense

115
Q

psychophysics attempts to evaluate the way the physical experiences of light, sound, and chemicals in our nose are translated into psychological perceptions

A

psychophysics

116
Q

the level of intensity required to create a conscious experience (the point where the stimulus is detected)

A

absolute threshold

117
Q

those with high hit rates (reports a stimulus when none is present) and high false alarms (with bias that are likely to say a stimulus is present)

A

liberal response bias

118
Q

individuals with higher miss rate (says no stimulus when one is present)

A

conservative bias

119
Q

the small amount of a particular stimulus required for a difference in magnitude to be detected

A

difference threshold

120
Q

states that the ability to notice the difference between two stimuli is proportional to the intensity or size of the stimulus (increased intensity or size = larger difference required)

A

Weber’s Law

psya01 (8 decks)

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