Chapter 10,11,12

Question 1

hypothesis

Answer 1

specific research prediction concerning the behavior being studied- based on predominately on a scientific theory or body of knowledge

Question 2

independent variables

Answer 2

variables that are manipulated by the experimenter in order to determine what effect they may have on behavior

Question 3

dependent variables

Answer 3

measurements of the effects of the independent variable on the behavior being studied in an experiment

Question 4

subject variables

Answer 4

variables that describe the characteristics or attributes of participants in the study that cannot be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable

Question 5

between-subject variables

Answer 5

independent-group design

Question 6

between-subject variables

Answer 6

each level of each independent variables has different participants

Question 7

within-subject variables

Answer 7

repeated-measures design

Question 8

within-subjects variables

Answer 8

each participant participates in all levels of all independent variables

Question 9

mixed design

Answer 9

when there are at least 2 independent variables and each person participates in a ll levels of one variable but not all levels of at least one of the other variables

Question 10

one-group experimental design

Answer 10

design in which a single sample mean is compared to the mean of a known population

Question 11

completely randomized experimental design

Answer 11

design with at least one independent variable with at least 2 levels and participants are are both randomly selected to participate in the study and randomly assigned to one of the groups in a completely random fashion

Question 12

completely randomized factorial experimental design

Answer 12

completely randomized experimental design, except there are at least 2 independent variables, each having at least 2 levels

Question 13

experimental control

Answer 13

scientific technique to help rule out alternative explanations for the experimental findings

Question 14

extraneous variables

Answer 14

variables that may vary in an experiment and affect participants’ behavior

Question 15

experimenter bias

Answer 15

takes place when experimenters, knowing the research hypothesis, unknowingly behave in ways that can influence the results of the study in favor of the predicted research hypothesis

Question 16

demand characteristics

Answer 16

changes in participants’ behavior or responses based on their knowledge of the research hypothesis (too generous or bullies)

Question 17

null hypothesis

Answer 17

the hypothesis you want to reject

Question 18

research hypothesis

Answer 18

the hypothesis you want to support

Question 19

type 1 error

Answer 19

when researchers reject the null hypothesis and the null hypothesis is actually true

Question 20

type 2 error

Answer 20

when researchers fail to reject the null hypothesis and the null hypothesis is actually false

Question 21

one-tailed test

Answer 21

specifies the direction of the effect

Question 22

two-tailed test

Answer 22

does not specify the direction of the effect

Question 23

power

Answer 23

probability that a statistical test will correctly reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false

Question 24

probability

Answer 24

measure of how likely it is that a given event or behavior will happen

Question 25

mutually exclusive

Answer 25

used to indicate that two events cannot occur simultaneously

Question 26

addition rule of probability

Answer 26

used to compute the probability of 1 event or another event occurring

Question 27

multiplication rule of probability

Answer 27

used to compute the probability of 2 mutually events occurring together

Question 28

representative sample

Answer 28

sample in which all significant subgroups of the population are represented

Question 29

random sampling

Answer 29

sampling technique used to increase the chances of obtaining a representative sample

Question 30

random number table

Answer 30

tables of numbers that were randomly generated by a computer

Question 31

distribution of sample means

Answer 31

theoretical distribution made up of an unlimited number of sample means

Question 32

standard error of the mean

Answer 32

standard deviation of the distribution of sample means- as the sample size increases, the standard error of the mean decreases

Question 33

central limit theorem

Answer 33

states as sample sizes increase, the distributions grow to more closely approximate the normal curve

Question 34

z test

Answer 34

statistical test used to compare the mean of a particular sample to the mean of a population