Chapter 10 & 11

Question 1

we have __________ base pairs

Answer 1

3 billion

Question 2

we have ________ coding genes

Answer 2

23,500

Question 2

we have __ chromosomes

Answer 2

46

Question 3

there are __________ of DNA per cell

Answer 3

2 meters

Question 4

DNA

Answer 4

genetic information storage in the nucleus

Question 5

RNA

Answer 5

how DNA’s message goes to the ribosome (where proteins are produced)

Question 6

Pyrimidines

Answer 6

cytosine, thymine, uracil

Question 7

saying to remember pyrimidines

Answer 7

“CUT the PY”

Question 8

A, C, G, T, U are all…

Answer 8

nucleotides

Question 8

purines

Answer 8

Adenine and Guanine

Question 9

saying to remember purines

Answer 9

“PURe As Gold”

Question 10

nucleotide

Answer 10

nitrogenous bases attached to a sugar phosphate backbone

Question 11

deoxyribose

Answer 11

sugar in DNA

Question 11

what do DNA and RNA have in common about their structure?

Answer 11

they’re both built on a sugar phosphate backbone

Question 12

ribose

Answer 12

sugar in RNA

Question 13

what is DNA made of

Answer 13

A, C, G, T

Question 14

what is RNA made of

Answer 14

A, C, G, U

Question 15

_________ is double stranded (double helix)

Answer 15

DNA

Question 16

_______ is single stranded

Answer 16

RNA

Question 17

DNA replication

Answer 17

when 1 piece of DNA is copied by DNA polymerase to make a second strand

Question 18

Why is DNA replication called semi-conservative?

Answer 18

each new DNA molecule has an old & a new strand

Question 19

what are the complementary base pairs

Answer 19

A-T

G-C

Question 20

DNA replication steps

Answer 20

1) RNA primers are laid down so the DNA polymerase has a starting point

2) okazaki fragments of DNA are produced off each RNA primer

3) RNA primers replaced w/ DNA

4) DNA ligase seals gaps and creates 1 continuous strand of DNA

Question 20

what does helicase do?

Answer 20

it unwinds DNA to expose the leading and lagging strands

Question 21

leading strand

Answer 21

synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction

Question 21

lagging strand

Answer 21

DNA is replicated discontinuously (and backwards)

Question 22

genes

Answer 22

segments of DNA that code for functional products --> usually a protein

Question 23

transcription

Answer 23

converts DNA to RNA

Question 24

transcription changes the _______ of the message not the ___________

Answer 24

form, language

Question 25

translation

Answer 25

converts RNA to protein

Question 26

translation changes the ________ of a message from ___________ to _____________

Answer 26

language, nucleic acid, amino acid

Question 27

translation converts _____ into a sequence of ___________

Answer 27

RNA, amino acid (protein)

Question 27

transcription converts ________________ DNA into ________________ RNA

Answer 27

double stranded (double helix), single stranded

Question 28

bacteria can begin translation before transcription is done, why can't we?

Answer 28

we can't because transcription has to finish before translation occurs due to our nucleus

Question 28

RNA, amino acid (protein)

Answer 28

it allows DNA to send a message to the entire cell without having to leave the nucleus

Question 29

DNA polymerase

Answer 29

reads DNA and builds DNA

Question 29

what occurs during initiation of DNA transcription

Answer 29

occurs at PROMOTER sequence of DNA see A put U

Question 29

steps of transcription

Answer 29

1) initiation 2) elongation 3) termination

Question 29

what occurs during elongation of DNA transcription

Answer 29

occurs as RNA polymerase reads DNA and builds RNA

Question 30

RNA polymerase

Answer 30

enzyme that reads DNA and builds RNA

Question 31

what occurs during termination of DNA termination

Answer 31

occurs at the terminator sequence of DNA

Question 32

RNA processing (in eukaryotes)

Answer 32

splice out introns (stay in nucleus) stitch together exons (exit nucleus) add a cap and tail

Question 33

mRNA

Answer 33

messenger RNA is the message

Question 33

tRNA

Answer 33

transfer RNA translator

Question 34

rRNA

Answer 34

ribosomal RNA site of translation

Question 35

tRNA reads ___ letters at a time and carries ___________

Answer 35

3, amino acid

Question 36

DNA translation steps

Answer 36

1) initiation 2) elongation 3) termination

Question 37

what occurs during termination of DNA translation

Answer 37

occurs at 1 of the 3 STOP codons we have

Question 37

what occurs during initiation of DNA translation

Answer 37

occurs at the START codon (AUG)

Question 38

what occurs during elongation of DNA translation

Answer 38

builds the protein chain 1 amino acid at a time

Question 39

mutation

Answer 39

a change in the sequence of DNA

Question 40

we have _________ mutations in our cells everyday

Answer 40

1 million

Question 41

causes of mutations

Answer 41

normal metabolic function, copying errors, radiation, chemicals, viruses

Question 42

base substitutions (point mutations)

Answer 42

one is replaced with another most common type of mutation

Question 43

missense mutation

Answer 43

change 1 codon --> change 1 amino acid

Question 44

silent mutation

Answer 44

does not affect the protein

Question 45

nonsense mutation

Answer 45

creates a stop codon stops proteins from being produced

Question 46

frameshift mutation

Answer 46

more damaging because they ADD or REMOVE bases (changes reading frame)

Question 47

our genetic code is _________ because there are lots of places where multiple codons have the same ______________

Answer 47

degenerate, amino acid "meaning"

Question 47

vertical gene transfer

Answer 47

genes passed down from one organism to another through reproduction

Question 48

bacteria can use ___________ and ______________

Answer 48

horizontal, vertical gene transfer

Question 48

horizontal gene transfer examples

Answer 48

transformation, transduction, conjugation

Question 49

rough strain

Answer 49

lacks a capsule, harmless

Question 50

smooth strain

Answer 50

has capsule, pathogenic

Question 51

Griffith's experiment was researching...

Answer 51

streptococcus pneumoniae