Chapter 10 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
is respiratory disease incidence rate increasing or decreasing
A
increasing secondary to pollution
2
Q
what is the leading cause of cancer related deaths
A
lung cancer
3
Q
upper respiratory tract
A
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
4
Q
lower respiratory tract
A
trachea
primary bronchi
lungs
5
Q
ventilation
A
movement of air through inhalation and exhalation
6
Q
what drives ventilation
A
differences in pressure gradients
7
Q
types of alveoli
A
type I and II
macrophages
8
Q
type I cells
A
cell walls
9
Q
type II cells
A
produce surfactant
10
Q
macrophages
A
stay put
11
Q
muscocilary escalator
A
keeps airway clear
12
Q
what must be required for gas exchange
A
air moves freely
open alveoli
sufficient pulmonary membrane
thin interstitium
13
Q
pneumothorax
A
loss of intrapleural pressure
lungs collapse
14
Q
what 2 vascular systems serve the lungs
A
pulmonary (alveoli only)
bronchial (trachea and brochi)
15
Q
true or false: are the lungs in direct contact with the environment
A
true
16
Q
what are the lungs exposed to within the environment
A
micro-organisms
17
Q
immune defenses of the lungs
A
cilia
MALT
IgA
macrophages
18
Q
what tests lung disorders
A
spirometry
19
Q
restrictive lung diseases
A
characterized by low lung volumes
hard to take breath
ratio is normal
20
Q
obstructive lung diseases
A
prevents outflow of air
hard to breathe out
low ratio
21
Q
USA leading cause of death
A
chronic lower respiratory disease
22
Q
world leading cause of death
A
COPD
23
Q
signs and symptoms of lung disorder
A
dyspnea
apnea
orthopnea
tachypnea
cough (sputum, hemoptysis)
cyanosis
24
Q
why does orthopnea occur
A
more blood in lungs results in left sided heart failure because blood backs up into pulmonary circuit
25
hemoptysis
coughing up blood
26
atelectasis
collapse of lung
pneumothorax
27
brochiectasis
dilation of bronchus
permanent and abnormal
28
consolidation
filling of air spaces by anything other than air
fluid, mucus, bacteria
29
atelectasis
lack of stretch
inability to expand
collapse of lungs
30
types of atelectasis
obstruction
compression
contraction
31
obstruction atelectasis
obstruction of conducting airways by foreign bodies, mucus plugs
mucus is so thick
reversible
32
compression atelectasis
compression of lung by liquid, solid, or gas within pleural space
can result in sudden death
reversible
33
contraction atelectasis
fibrosis of lung preventing expansion
tuberculosis
lung tissue is replaced by scar tissue
irreversible
34
bronchiectasis
UNCOMMON
permanent dilation of bronchi SECONDARY to underlying disorder (recurrent bacterial infection)
35
what is bronchiectasis associated with
cystic fibrosis
bronchial obstruction
chronic infection
immunodeficiency
36
symptoms of brochiectasis
severe cough
foul smelling bloody expectorant
dyspnea
active cases are febrile
37
complications of bronchiectasis
pneumonia
sepsis
lung abcess
38
respiratory distress syndrome of newborn
progressive distress soon after birth, inadequate surfactant in lungs
39
what form of lung disease is respiratory distress syndrome of newborn
atelectasis, due to difficulty breathing
40
at risk groups of respiratory distress syndrome of newborn
premie babies
maternal diabetes
41
treatment for respiratory distress syndrome of newborn
administer surfactant and oxygen
42
cystic fibrosis
genetic autosomal recessive disease of mutation in chloride channel
43
is cystic fibrosis autosomal recessive or dominant
recessive
44
how old do people live with cystic fibrosis
30yrs
45
what is cystic fibrosis...pathologically
passageways are clogged with thick mucus
bronchiectasis
hemoptysis
atelectasis
46
cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis
dilation of airways due to weakening of walls
47
what is cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis associated with
repeated chronic infections
decreases ability for mucus to move
distended bronchioles retain more mucus secretions
creates environment for bacterial growth
48
cystic fibrosis treatment
medical manuevers to improve mucus clearance
immunizations
bronchodilators
antibiotics
49
are men or women more effected by cystic fibrosis
both are equally effected
50
agents of upper respiratory tract infections
virus (more common, less complications)
bacteria (more complications)
51
common URIs
rhinitis
sinusitis
pharyngitis
laryngitis
52
infectious rhinitis
virus
inflammation of nose
leads to secondary bacterial infections
53
allergic rhinitis
type I hypersensitivity
54
sinusitis
impaired drainage of sinus fluid
55
pharyngitis/tonsilitis
sore throat
virus
56
laryngitis
lose voice
57
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
inflammation of pulmonary capillaries or alveoli
caused by diffuse damage
increases pulmonary edema
impairs gas exchange..hypoxia
58
is ARDS primary or secondary
secondary to...
sepsis
pulmonary infections
gastric aspiration
near drowning
heroin overdose
59
what is the end result of ARDS
organ failure
60
pathogenesis of ARDS
increase in inflammation
activates alveolar macrophages and neutrophil migration
increases edema (interstitial and alveolar)
61
outcomes of ARDS
most patients present w/predisposing condition and then develop ARDS
develops in hospital
62
long term complications of ARDS
scarring that replaces lung tissue
contraction atelectasis
IRREVERSIBLE
63
mortality rate of ARDS
high, 60%
64
pneumonia
inflammation of alveoli
65
what age is pneumonia the leading cause of death in
elderly and children
66
what causes pneumonia
virus (dry cough)
bacteria
fungi
mycoplasma
67
how to diagnose pneumonia
chest xray or auscultation (crackles in lung sounds)
68
predisposing factors of pneumonia
any condition w/poor lung ventilation and retention of bronchial secretions
69
post-op pneumonia
accumulation of mucus secretions in bronchi
70
aspiration pneumonia
foreign body, food, vomit
71
clinical features of pneumonia
fever (103-104º)
cough
purulent sputum
pain w/respiration
dyspnea
72
examples of obstructive diseases
emphysema
bronchitis
bronchiectasis
asthma
73
examples of restrictive diseases
neuromuscular (ALS)
kyphosis
obesity
fibrosis
amyloidosis
74
types of COPD
emphysema
bronchitis
75
does COPD have decreasing or increasing prevalence
increasing due to increase in pollution
76
what percent of COPD cases are smokers
90%
77
is COPD reversible or irreversible
irreversible and progressive
78
main cause of COPD
smoking
79
are men or women more affected with COPD
men
80
is COPD age associated
yes
81
COPD symptoms
lots of mucus
coughing in morning
dyspnea
chest tightness
barrel chest
82
complications of COPD
respiratory failure
arrhythmia
right sided heart failure..cor pulmonale
pneumonia or other infections
death (acidosis)
83
cor pulmonale
alteration of right side of heart secondary to changes in lungs
enlargement of RVent
SECONDARY to pulmonary HTN
84
emphysema
destruction of elastic tissue
alveoli and pulmonary capillary bed
abnormal, permanent enlargement
air trapping
85
pathogenesis of emphysema
increase in inflammatory cells
leads to imbalance of anti-inflammation/pro-inflammation
neutrophils
alpha-1 antitrypsin
86
alpha-1 antitrypsin
neutralizes digestive enzymes (neutrophils)
made by liver
tobacco inhibits production
87
chronic bronchitis
inflammation of medium sized bronchioles
combined w/other obstructive diseases
88
symptoms of chronic bronchitis
persistent cough for ~3mo/yr in 2 consecutive years
89
long term complications of bronchitis
COPD
cor pulmonale
metaplasia of bronchiole epithelium=CANCER
90
what initiates bronchitis
inhalation of irritant, irritant leads to mucus production and glandular hypertrophy, pulmonary capillary bed is undamaged
91
asthma
inflammation of bronchioles
92
is asthma COPD
no, because it is reversible
93
what causes asthma
episodic bronchospasm
94
is asthma incidence rate decreasing or increasing
increasing
95
types of asthma
atopic (allergies)
non-atopic (strenuous exercise, drug reaction, air pollution)
occupational
96
atopic asthma
type I hypersensitivity
97
cascade of atopic asthma
mast cells release eosinophils causing acute response in 10-20 minutes
airway inflammation is late phase response after 4-8hrs
98
treatment for asthma
avoidance of trigger
bronchodilators (beta adrenergic agonists...ALBUTEROL)
NSAIDS (steroids, cortisol)
decrease release of leukotrienes from mast cells
99
sleep apnea
pause of breathing while sleeping
100
are men or women affected more by sleep apnea
men
101
risk factors
obesity...obstructive
102
signs/symptoms of sleep apnea
loud snoring
daytime fatigue
103
what can sleep apnea lead to if untreated
hypertension
accidents
heart failure
104
treatment of sleep apnea
CPAP that keeps airways open
105
valvular lung
