Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Pathophysiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

(94 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled cell growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

probabilities of developing cancer

A

50% in women
33% in men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

most prevalent type of cancer

A

males= prostate
females= breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

most prevalent death rates for certain cancer

A

lung cancer for both male and female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the cancer incidence trend

A

downwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

are poor countries at higher or lower risk for cancer deaths

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

are blacks at higher or lower risk for cancer deaths

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

neoplasm

A

new uncontrolled cell growth
unsure if benign or malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

tumor

A

non-specific term meaning lump or swelling
hypertrophy of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

metastasis

A

discontinuous spread of malignant neoplasm to distant sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does cancer metastasize

A

through blood or lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

malignant

A

capable of metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cancer

A

any malignant neoplasm or tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are metaplasia and neoplasia similar

A

both are increased cell proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how are metaplasia and neoplasia different

A

neoplasia does not have a stimulus for cell proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how can you tell the difference of different masses

A

biopsy and fine needle aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hyperplasia treatment

A

remove stimulus
may need to remove hyperplastic tissue if it interrupts other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the factors of neoplasm treatment

A

depends on benign or malignant and site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

malignant neoplasm treatment

A

curative therapy (chemotherapy, radiation, surgery)
palliative therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how are neoplasms distinguished

A

benign vs malignant
how they differentiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

benign neoplasm

A

grows slowly, does NOT metastasize
well differentiated
looks like normal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

malignant neoplasm

A

grows rapidly, can metastasize
less differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

-oma

A

naming of neoplasms
does NOT distinguish between benign or malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hematoma

A

big bruise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
carcinoma
malignancy of epithelial cells
26
sarcoma
malignancy of connective tissue
27
what is the most common form of cancer w/age
carcinoma
28
melanoma
cancer of melanocytes
29
lymphoma
cancer of lymphoid tissue (lymphocytes)
30
what causes cancer
loss of genomic integrity
31
what leads to a loss of genomic integrity
damaged DNA from mutations
32
what cells are involved in loss of genomic integrity
germline cells (can be passed on) somatic cells (can NOT be passed on)
33
how are mutations acquired
carcinogens, inherited, spontaneous
34
carcinogens
environmental factors
35
inherited mutations
BRCA1 and BRCA2
36
type of environmental carcinogens
ionizing radiation, virus (Hepatitis, HPV), UV rays, dietary (alcohol, smoked meats), chronic inflammation
37
hallmarks of cancer
1. self sufficiency in growth signals 2. insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals 3. evasion of apoptosis 4. limitless replicative capacity 5. sustained angiogenesis 6. tissue invasion and metastasis 7. evade immune surveillance
38
what drives changes of cancer hallmarks
gene mutations
39
gene mutations
oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes
40
proto-oncogene
involved in cell growth and division NORMAL CELLS
41
oncogene
proto-oncogene that was activated by mutations
42
examples of oncogenes
HER2, RAS
43
HER2 gene
encodes growth factor receptor
44
RAS gene
relays signals from cell surface
45
when is RAS active
GTP bound
46
when is RAS inactive
GDP bound
47
what does mutating do to RAS gene
leaves RAS permanently on
48
tumor suppressor genes
stop cell cycle
49
p53
guardian of genome regulates transcription of genes
50
when are p53 levels high vs low
high in damaged cells low in healthy cells
51
is cancer resistant to apoptosis
yes
52
why is cancer resistant to apoptosis
inactivate pro-apoptotic proteins activate anti-apoptotic proteins upregulate telomerase
53
DNA repair genes
correct errors from DNA replication
54
chromosomal instability
chromosome arrangement is altered imbalance of chromosomes increases inflammation
55
is inflammation a hallmark of cancer
yes
56
immune system in tumorigenesis
immune system protects host against tumor growth while promoting it by releasing reactive oxygen species
57
what are hits
mutations
58
multiple hits =?
multiple mutations
59
when do malignancies develop
through premalignancy
60
dysplasia
premalignant state but does not always progress to malignancy tissue is atypical, usually epithelial
61
carcinoma in situ (CIS)
cancer in place (does NOT move) not invasive can cure by removing all of tumor
62
invasion
release of proteases
63
how does neoplastic growth start
monoclonal
64
monoclonal
all the same type of cell
65
how does neoplastic growth end
tumor cell heterogeneity
66
heterogeneity
cells will have different mutations
67
tumor growth fraction
ratio of proliferating cells to total cells
68
malignant neoplasms invasion
must secrete proteases to digest and break down collagen
69
malignant neoplasms metastasis
seeding, spread to another organ moves via blood vessels and lymphatics
70
seeding
spreading to another organ
71
angiogenic growth factors
needs glycolysis to spread
72
paraneoplastic tumor
cancer cells mediated by humoral factors released into blood non-metastatic manifestations of malignancies
73
examples of paraneoplastic tumors
hormones (cushing syndrom) cross-reacting antibodies (reacting to self)
74
where are paraneoplastic tumors common
lung, breast, ovaries, lymphatics
75
immune surveillance
immune system surveys host cells to identify abnormalities
76
what cells are involved in immune surveillance
natural killer cells cytotoxic T cells
77
why are immunodeficient patients more at risk for cancer
loss of t cell ability
78
cytology
looking at cells
79
ways to obtain cells
biopsy, resection, fine needle aspiration
80
grading
microscopic assessment how abnormal do de-differentiated cells look
81
staging
behavioral assessment size & extent of metastasis how big/aggressive tumor is
82
can cancer cells differentiate to greater or lesser degree
yes
83
well-differentiated neoplasms
grow slowly, benign or malignant, slow to invade and metastasize
84
poorly-differentiated neoplasms
grows rapidly, malignant, high number mitotic figures (how many cells are going through mitosis), aggressive invaders and metastasize early
85
anaplastic
looks different than what it should
86
tumor grading
TMN
87
stage 0
CIS
88
stage I
cancer is not spread into surrounding tissues larger than stage 0
89
stage II
may extend to nearby tissues
90
stage III
spreads to nearby lymph nodes, but not other parts of body
91
stage IV
spreads to distant tissues and organs most diagnoses, hard to treat
92
tumor markers
substances appear in blood, not used for early cancer detection
93
what are tumor markers useful for
confirmation of diagnosis monitor therapy
94
examples of tumor markers
prostate specific antigen (PSA) breast cancer-CA-15-3

Human Pathophysiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions