Chapter 4 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
microflora
A
microorganisms normally living in or on body
2
Q
are microflora useful
A
some are, particularly bacteria (some give vitamins)
many microflora give no effect
3
Q
pathogens
A
cause disease
4
Q
are microflora capable of causing disease
A
yes if health and immune system are weakened
opportunistic pathogens
5
Q
pathogen background
A
-vary in where they live and replicate
-how they damage host cells
-ability to persist outside body
6
Q
virulence
A
ability to cause damage and disease in host
7
Q
why are some pathogens more virulent than others
A
secrete toxins, adhesion factors, evasive factors, host factors
8
Q
endotoxins
A
component of bacteria’s cell wall; must consume bacteria in order to have effect on body
9
Q
exotoxins
A
bacteria secretes exotoxins that damage host outside of the cell
10
Q
adhesion factors
A
help infective organism colonize
11
Q
evasive factors
A
help keep immune system from killing infective agent
12
Q
host factors
A
genetics
malnutrition
age
13
Q
does immune system increase or decrease w/age
A
decrease
14
Q
contagion
A
how easily spread from one organism to another is the infection
15
Q
modes of transmission
A
direct contact, congestion, indirect contact (fomites), droplets, vectors
16
Q
indirect contact
A
sneeze into hand, touch door, another person touches door after
17
Q
fomite
A
inanimate object that holds bacteria for certain amount of time
18
Q
direct contact
A
bodily fluids
19
Q
droplets
A
airborne
20
Q
vectors
A
anything that bites
21
Q
agents of infectious diseases
A
prions, virus, bacteria, fungus, parasites
22
Q
prions
A
small infectious misfolded proteins (prions can spread)
23
Q
what do prions affect
A
primarily the nervous system
24
Q
transmission of prions
A
genetics/consuming infected tissue
25
genetic prion disease
creutzfeldt jakob disease
30-40yrs
26
consuming prion disease
mad cow disease
eating brain tissue
27
are prions digested
no
28
virus
protein coat surrounding nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)
29
do viruses have their own metabolic enzymes
no
30
how do viruses attack host
insert genome into host's DNA and uses that cell's metabolic machinery to make new viruses
31
viral-induced cell injury
alters cell physiology (ion movement and messengers)
inhibits synthesis of host cell macromolecules
genotoxic
inflammation
alters cell's antigenic properties
32
genotoxic cell injury
toxic to genome
alters host cell and becomes cancerous
33
antigenic properties
MHC I proteins on cell, cytoplasm not present to cytotoxic T cells
virus changes cell proteins
34
types of viral infections
acute or latent
35
acute viral infections
body eliminates (transient)
36
examples of acute viral infections
rhinovirus, norovirus, measles, influenza
37
latent viral infections
causes persistent infections (virus stays and hangs out)
38
example of latent viral infections
HIV
39
how do antiviral agents kill viruses
they inhibit some stage of viral replication cycle w/o toxicity to cell
40
examples of anti-viral agents
blocking viral RNA or DNA synthesis (acyclovir blocking HSV)
blocking viral binding to cells (entry inhibitors)
blocking production of protein coats of new viruses (protease inhibitors for HIV)
41
bacteria
prokaryotes that can live independently and use infected organism for food and shelter
42
are bacterial infections acute or latent
acute
43
what are bacterial infections based on
shape and gram stain
44
shape of bacteria
bacilli, cocci, spirochetes
45
gram stains
gram positive or negative
46
gram positive
found on skin, takes up stain
staphylococci and streptococci
47
gram negative
does not take up stain
causes intestinal and respiratory infections
HB pylori, ecoli, salmonella
mycobacterium
chronic infections
48
sepsis
blood-borne bacterial infection
gram negative bacteria
49
what kind of inflammation is sepsis
whole body
50
what does sepsis lead to
septic shock
51
septic shock
high mortality (40-50%)
secondary infection and organs shut down
52
antibiotics
kill bacteria by targeting cell wall, protein, and nucleic acid synthesis, bacterial metabolism
53
how do bacteria fight antibiotics
inactivating antibiotics, changing binding sites, using different metabolic pathways, and changing walls to keep antibiotics out
54
can antibiotics treat viral infections
no
55
fungi
requires cooler temp than human core body temp so most infections are on surface of body (toes, scrotum, scalp)
56
examples of fungal infections
cadidiasis (yeast), thrush, tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
57
examples of vector borne infections
malaria (mosquitos), rocky mountain spotted fever (ticks, lice, chiggers), lyme disease (deer ticks), plague (rodent fleas)
58
what is an emerging disease
infections that were previously unknown or undetected that have recently appeared
59
examples of emerging diseases
SARS, Zika, swine flu
60
why do most emerging diseases come from china
highly populated (transmission is easy)
daily wildlife trade (transfer from animals to humans)
zoonoses
61
zoonoses
microbe jumps from one species to another
62
coronavirus
novel - haven't been exposed before
origin - China, bats
large group of viruses causing disease in humans
63
naming of coronavirus
SARS CoV2 (actual virus)
COVID19 (illness)
64
how does SARS CoV2 enter body
via ACE2 receptors in lung (associated w/respiratory symptoms)
65
what does infection cause
injury
66
what is the response to infection
inflammation
67
natural course of infection
inoculation, incubation, prodromal, illness, convalescence, recovery
68
inoculation
first exposure
69
incubation
infection multiplies
70
prodromal
nonspecific bodily changes
malaise
71
illness
typical symptoms of disease
72
convalescence
symptoms fade
immune system fights illness
73
recovery
back to normal
74
tuberculosis
caused by mycobacterium living inside host cell, macrophages
VERY CONTAGIOUS
75
what organs/tissues does TB typically affect
lungs, but can affect any part
76
transmission of TB
airborne droplets
77
common symptoms of TB
cough (2-3+weeks)
coughing up blood
chest pains
fever
night sweats
feeling weak or tired
weight loss
decreased/no appetite
78
tuberculosis incidence
highest incidence in Southeast Asia and Africa
developing countries due to poor sanitation, crowded living conditions
79
course of tuberculosis
immune system forms tubercules (granulomas)
80
granulomas
macrophages that are infected
81
what type of necrosis is tuberculosis
caseous
82
diagnosis of TB
symptoms, medical history, TB test, blood test, chest xray, diagnostic microbiology (sputum smear)
83
TB exposure
majority of people don't develop TB after first exposure
84
latent TB
you don't know you have it, but can be activated
85
why does latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) become active
predisposing factors (HIV, other illnesses, weak immune system, stress, being homeless)
86
latent TB treatment
long term
isoniazid for 6-12 months
87
infectious TB treatment
treated in phases w/various drugs
must be isolated until non-infectious
long term
88
STI
general term for any disease that can be spread by intimate and/or sexual contact
89
common signs/symptoms of STI
hematuria, urinary frequency, incontinence, purulent discharge, burning, itching, pelvic/genital pain, skin ulcerations, fever, malaise
90
hematuria
blood in urine
91
incontinence
leaking out urine
92
purulent discharge
pus-like discharge
93
types of STIs
bacterial, viral, protozoal, parasitic, fungal
94
gonorrhea
bacterial infection (neisseria gonorrhoeae)
95
transmission of gonorrhea
contact of epithelial surfaces
96
symptoms of gonorrhea
pain, discharge, asymptomatic
97
gonorrhea treatment
antibiotics
98
syphilis
bacterial infection (treponema pallidum)
systemic disease
more deadly
99
congenital syphilis
maternal-fetal transmission
deadly for baby
100
stages of syphilis
primary, secondary, latent, tertiary
101
primary syphilis
chancre, painless
resolves spontaneously
HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
102
chancre
bump on genitals, not painful or itchy
103
secondary syphilis
bacteria has got into blood and traveled to other tissues
HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
104
latent syphilis
medical evidence that syphilis is there but patient is asymptomatic
105
tertiary syphilis
can emerge 5-20yrs after latency
most severe stage
gummas
neurosyphilis
destructive systemic manifestation
106
gummas
destruction of skin, bone, and soft tissue lesions
107
treatment for syphilis
antibiotics
108
chlamydia
bacterial infection (chlamydia trachomatis)
intracellular bacterium
HIGHLY PREVALENT
109
symptoms of chlamydia
urinary frequency, abdominal pelvic discomfort, discharge, burning and itching, swollen scrotum
110
chlamydia prognosis
good w/early treatment
111
what if chlamydia is left untreated
pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, sterility, epididymitis
112
genital herpes
VIRUS and HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
once you have it you can't get rid of it
113
stages of genital herpes
active w/skin lesions
latent w/o symptoms but still contagious
114
types of genital herpes
herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2)
115
are most cases HSV1 or HSV2
HSV2
116
genital herpes transmission
through contact w/person shedding virus
117
symptoms of genital herpes
multiple shallow ulcerations, pustules on genitals, mouth, anus
vesicles rupturing causing pain and itching
118
genital herpes treatment
managed but not cured
anti-viral medications
119
human papillomavirus (HPV)
most common
easily spread
120 types
120
HPV genital warts
found on genitals, very contagious
may go away w/o treatment
121
transmission of HPV
intimate sexual contact, mother-fetal transfer
122
what is incubation of HPV
1-6 months
123
what is HPV a risk factor for
cervical cancer
throat/oral cancers
124
HPV prevention
vaccine
125
how to prevent STI
vaccines, safe sex
