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Ornithology Exam 2 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Migration vs Dispersal

A
  • migration: Predictable back-and-forth movements; Repeated seasonally
  • dispersal: Usually a unidirectional movement
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2
Q

Name the different types of dispersal

A
  • natal dispersal
  • breeding dispersal
  • postbreeding dispersal
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3
Q

Natal dispersal

A
  • movement between the site where an individual is born and the site where it first breeds
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4
Q

Breeding dispersal

A
  • movement between one breeding site and another
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5
Q

Postbreeding dispersal

A
  • typically refers to the wandering movements that some birds (e.g., herons) make after they finish breeding, but before they settle at a wintering site
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6
Q

Why are temperate-zone and arctic latitudes a problem? What are the three responses to this?

A
  • Abundant resources in the summer; Limited resources and harsh climatic conditions in the winter
  • 3 responses:
    Migration - move to more favorable areas

Residency - with adaptations for tolerating harsh conditions

Hibernation - only documented for Common Poorwill

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7
Q

Understand the differences in annual adult survival, and annual reproductive success in tropical resident

A

annual adult survival: Do not face hazards of migration, harsh winter
HIGH (80-90%)

annual reproductive success: No seasonally abundant food source for offspring (LOW)

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8
Q

Understand the differences in annual adult survival, and annual reproductive success in migrant

A

annual adult survivial:Escape harsh winter but some die during migration
MODERATE (50%)

annual reproductive success: Seasonally abundant food source, but divert time, energy from breeding to migration
MODERATE

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9
Q

Understand the differences in annual adult survival, and annual reproductive success in temperate resident

A

annual adult survival: Endure harsh winter and restricted food supply
LOW (20-50%)

annual reproductive success: Seasonally abundant food source
HIGH

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10
Q

Philopatry

A
  • Most individuals return annually to the same areas where they bred the year before
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11
Q

understand the different patterns of migration

A

seasonal variation

 Residence
 Facultative Migration
 Partial Migrants
 Obligate Migration
 Nomadism

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12
Q

Residence

A
  • nonannual movement at all
  • common in tropics
  • examples: chowchilla, wreathed hornbill, ivory-billed woodcreeper
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13
Q

Facultative migration

A
  • migrate only under certain conditions
  • example: northern lapwing, american robin, european blackbird
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14
Q

Partial migrants

A
  • some individuals within a population
  • example: In different locations, European Blackbirds (Turdus merula) are year‐round residents, facultative migrants, or obligate migrants. Even within the region where blackbirds are present year round (green), the population includes full‐time residents, facultative migrants seeking refuge and resources because conditions farther north became unsuitable, and obligate migrants that migrate south every winter regardless of conditions in the north
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15
Q

Oblique Migration

A
  • Undertake predictable annual migrations to distant non‐breeding grounds
  • Most songbirds that breed in the northern parts of North America, Europe, and Asia fall into this category
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16
Q

Nomadism

A
  • Move less predictably from one breeding ground to the next
  • example: snowy owl
17
Q

Artic tern bird

A
  • Every year, arctic terns migrate from the Arctic Circle to the Antarctic Circle—a round-trip journey of about 30,000 kilometers (18,641 miles)
18
Q

Flyway

A
  • migratory route
  • Established routes used year after year by large numbers of migrants
    Many bird species often converging to use similar flyways
  • Not all birds use clearly defined flyways during migration (broad-front migration)
19
Q

Concentration Points

A
  • Migrating raptors concentrate in narrow overland corridors
  • Migratory concentrations also occur in areas where food is especially abundant, and many species of migratory birds spend substantial time at staging areas to refuel before continuing their migrations

examples: bar-tailed Godwit, cross thousands of miles of open ocean with NO stops

20
Q

Blackpoll Warbler migration

A
  • fly directly from northeastern North America to the Greater Antilles and northern South America, often with a several day refueling stop
  • They return to their northern breeding grounds more leisurely up the Atlantic Coast
21
Q

Wood thrushes

A
  • tracked from Pennsylvania to winter territories in Costa Rica vary their return routes the next spring
22
Q

Austral migration

A
  • South American flycatchers and swallows, among others, migrate seasonally from temperate-zone South America to the tropics of Brazil
  • Relatively fewer birds in the southern hemisphere live in locations with extreme seasonal variations in temperature
23
Q

What time of day do raptors and passerines typically fly during migration?

A
  • Hawks migrate during daylight hours when they can take advantage of warm rising air currents
  • Swifts and swallows, which feed on the wing, also migrate by day
  • Many small land birds, including most flycatchers, thrushes, and wood warblers, as well as rails and woodcocks, depart shortly after sunset and migrate by night
  • Predation by hawks and gulls is less likely at night, and these migrants can then refuel by day
24
Q

At what altitudes do most migratory birds fly?

A

Most migrants fly at fairly low altitudes, usually below 700 to 800 meters
- example: Bar-headed goose

  • Note: More stable night atmospheres with weaker horizontal winds and less turbulent vertical motion create favorable flight conditions; Cooler and more humid night air also favors heat loss and water retention
25
Q

What are fallouts?

A
  • encountering strong headwinds
26
Q

Migration paces

A

“hop”&raquo_space; short flights, rest and refuel

“skip”&raquo_space; longer flights, shorter refueling stops

“jump”&raquo_space; one long flight, no stops

27
Q

Example of migration pace

A
  • Hudsonian Godwit
  • Stops at just one site in central USA on its northward flight from Patagonia to central Alaska, and at three sites on its way back to Patagonia in the northern fall
28
Q

Loop migration

A
  • Choose different paths in different seasons – wind conditions
29
Q

Leapfrog Migration

A
  • Occurs in species with a broad breeding range
  • Individuals breeding the farthest north or south migrate to the most distant wintering areas, traveling farther and passing over birds that breed in intermediate areas
  • May evolve when conditions in the north become increasingly favorable and the edge of a species’ breeding distribution moves further and further north
  • example: Fox Sparrow
30
Q

Altitudinal Migration

A
  • Changing elevation to exploit new resources under different environmental conditions
    example: Resplendent Quetzal
31
Q

Example of the idea that different ages and sexes may migrate to different places during the winter

A
  • Dark-eye Junco
  • Adult females migrate farthest to the southernmost states; young males stay farthest north in Indiana and Ohio; adult males and young females settle at intermediate latitudes
32
Q

Migratory Divides

A
  • Distinct breeding populations of the same bird species meet, yet birds from each side of the divide have different migration pathways
  • Birds from the southern population migrate to tropical West Africa; Birds from the northern population migrate to East and South Africa
  • example: Willow Warbler
33
Q

Irruption

A
  • Occasionally move in large numbers beyond their usual range, usually in response to poor food supplies in their typical habitats
  • examples; Great Gray Owl, Pine Grosbeak, Red-breasted Nuthatch
34
Q

Migratory Connectivity

A
  • The degree to which a population of birds breeding in a distinct region remains cohesive as individuals move to a distinct region in the winter
  • high connectivity is one breeding and one wintering ground travel location, while low connectivity has birds traveling to mutliple locations for breeding and wintering
35
Q

Example of migratory connectivity

A
  • Migratory connectivity of breeding and wintering grounds of Black-throated Blue Warblers. Shaded colors map specific sets of isotopes in feather samples. Warblers that nest in the northern part of the species range tend to winter in the Caribbean west of warblers that nest in the Appalachian Mountains.
36
Q

Why is fat used to fuel migration?

A
  • Fat yields twice as much energy and water per gram metabolized, as does either carbohydrate or protein
  • Migrants fatten rapidly just before migration by consuming enormous quantities of energy-rich food
37
Q

Why are stopover sites important for some migratory species?

A
  • accumulate more energy
  • physiological recovery
  • avoiding adverse environmental conditions
  • spatiotemporal adjustments
38
Q

Zugunruhe

A
  • migratory restlessness
  • Migrants, when kept in cages at night, usually jump in the direction that you would expect them to fly if they really were initiating their migratory journeys
39
Q

Hyperphagia

A
  • migratory fattening

Ornithology Exam 2 (12 decks)

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