Chapter 10

Question 1

what is the biology central dogma?

Answer 1

DNA – RNA – Protein

Question 2

heredity

Answer 2

• transmission of this information from an organism to its progeny (offspring)
• cell to cell, especially on single celled organisms

Question 3

replication

Answer 3

DNA make new DNA (DNA template)

Question 4

transcription

Answer 4

DNA makes RNA (DNA template)

Question 5

translation

Answer 5

RNA links Amino acids to form proteins

Question 6

reverse transcription

Answer 6

retroviruses - can modify the central dogma
- enters cell where RNA host creates DNA needed and the central dogma will begin
- RNA - DNA - RNA - Protein
- - RNA is reverese transcribed into DNA

Question 7

how is chromosome organized for eukaryotic

Answer 7

linear

Question 8

how is chromosomes organized for prokaryotic

Answer 8

circular (sometimes linear)

Question 9

chromosome

Answer 9

DNA contain genetic information essential for the continuous survival of the organisms

Question 10

plasmid

Answer 10

contains only genetic information that may be helpful for the organisms, but they could survive without

Question 11

genes

Answer 11

• basic unit of heredity
• part of a chromosome
• linear sequence of nucleotides of DNA that forms a functional unit
• all information for the structure and function of the organisms is coded in its genes

Question 12

DNA sugar

Answer 12

deoxyribose

Question 13

DNA bases

Answer 13

A, C, T, G

Question 14

DNA form

Answer 14

double-stranded

Question 15

DNA functions

Answer 15

stores RNA and protein-encoding information; transfers information to next generation of cells

Question 16

RNA sugar

Answer 16

Ribose

Question 17

RNA bases

Answer 17

A, C, U, G

Question 18

RNA form

Answer 18

single stranded

Question 19

RNA functions

Answer 19

carries protein-encoding information; helps to make proteins; catalyzes some reactions

Question 20

DNA replication in prokaryote

Answer 20

• the DNA strands separate and replication begins at a replication fork for each strand
• each strand serves as a template for the replication of its partner
• each daughter cells receives one chromosome

Question 21

where does transcription happen for eukaryotic

Answer 21

nucleus

Question 22

where does translation happen for eukaryotic

Answer 22

cytoplasm

Question 23

where does transcription happen for prokaryotic

Answer 23

cytoplasm

Question 24

where does translation happen for prokaryotic

Answer 24

cytoplasm

Question 25

DNA controls the whole cell directly

Answer 25

DNA replication and protein synthesis

Question 26

DNA controls the whole cell indirectly

Answer 26

synthesis of enzymes that control the synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids

Question 27

is mutation permanent changes

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

can mutations be inherit in eukaryotic

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

can mutations be inherit in prokaryotic

Answer 29

yes

Question 30

mutations

Answer 30

change the sequence of nucleotides in DNA - transmitted from parent cell to daughter cell

Question 31

what are the physical agents that cause mutations

Answer 31

- X rays - UV lights

Question 32

what are the chemical agents that cause mutations

Answer 32

- arsenic - asbestos - benzene - nitrosamines

Question 33

what are the biological agents that cause mutations

Answer 33

- viruses - bacteria

Question 34

what are the random chance that can cause mutations

Answer 34

- errors in DNA replication

Question 35

genotype

Answer 35

genetic information contained in the DNA of the organism

Question 36

phenotype

Answer 36

refers to the specific characteristics displayed by the organism

Question 37

does mutations always affect genotype

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

does mutations always affect phenotype

Answer 38

no

Question 39

what are the types of mutations

Answer 39

- point mutations - frameshift mutations - transposons - inversions

Question 40

point mutations sub classes

Answer 40

- silent - nonsense - missense

Question 41

silent mutation

Answer 41

affects a single base - results in the same amino acid

Question 42

nonsense mutation

Answer 42

affects a single base - results in a stop

Question 43

missense

Answer 43

affects a single base - results in a change that can be conservative or non conservative

Question 44

frameshift mutations

Answer 44

- inserts or deletes one or more bases

Question 45

transposons

Answer 45

- portion of a chromosome changes its position

Question 46

inversions

Answer 46

- portion of a chromosome reinserts itself in the same location, but upside down