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Microbiology (10-14) > Chapter 13+14 > Flashcards

Chapter 13+14 Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

3 criteria for chemical agent

A
  • stable
  • inexpensive
  • no offensive odor
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2
Q

3 attributes for drug

A
  • reasonable cost
  • resistance acquired slowly
  • long shelf life
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3
Q

antimicrobial

A

a special group of chemotherapeutic agents used to treat diseases caused by microbes

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4
Q

prophylactic

A

something that prevents or guards against the spread of infection

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5
Q

sterilization

A

killing or removal of all microorganisms in a material or an object including spores

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6
Q

disinfection

A

reducing the number of pathogenic organisms

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7
Q

selective toxicity

A

must harm microbes without causing significant damage to the host

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8
Q

toxic level

A

causes host damage

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9
Q

therapeutic level

A

successfully eliminates the pathogenic organisms if the level is maintained over a period of time

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10
Q

activity spectrum

A

range of different microbes against which an antimicrobial agent acts

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11
Q

broad spectrum

A

agents that are effective against a great number of microorganisms from a wide range of taxonomic group, including gram + and gram -
- when the microbe is unknown

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12
Q

narrow spectrum

A

agents that are effective against only a small number of microorganisms or a single taxonomic group
- used when the identity of the organism is known

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13
Q

toxicity

A

when they do have selected toxicity some antimicrobial do exert toxic effects on the patients receiving them

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14
Q

allergy

A

a condition in which the body’s immune system responds to a foreign substance, usually a protein

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15
Q

microflora disruption

A
  • seen in broad spectrum antibiotics
  • effects is not only seen in pathogens, but also indigenous microflora
  • microflora is usually found in the skin, digestive, respiratory
  • when microflora are disturbed other organisms, resistant to antimicrobial agent, invade the space
  • invasion by replacement microflora is called superinfection
  • restore microflora by eating yogurt
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16
Q

principles for controlling/reducing microbial growth

A
  • the fewer organisms present, the shorter the time needed to achieve sterility
  • microorganisms differ in their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents
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17
Q

time for chemical antimicrobial

A

adequate time should be allowed for an agent to kill the maximum number of organisms

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18
Q

temp for chemical antimicrobial

A

if 10C are increased it roughly doubles the rate of chemical reactions

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19
Q

pH for chemical antimicrobial

A

pH can increase or decrease the agent’s potency

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20
Q

higher concetration

A

kill cells (bacteriocidal)

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21
Q

lower concentrations

A

inhibits growth (bacteriostatic)

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22
Q

exception for concentration

A

alcohol since it requires 1% of water
- without water alcohol cant penetrate more deeply into the cell

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23
Q

what are the two ways to evaluating effectiveness without using heat

Study These Flashcards
A
  • phenol coefficient
  • filter diffusion
24
Q

phenol coefficient

Study These Flashcards
A

all antimicrobial are assigned a phenol coefficient value that is higher or lower than the phenol value of 1.0 which is the standard. the higher the number the more efficient the chemical is

25
filter diffusion
every microbe is allowed to grow while being exposed to an antimicrobial. the zone of inhibitions is measured to determine if the microbe is resistant (able to grow) or sensitive (unable to grow) to the antimicrobial
26
what are the 2 way to evaluate effectiveness using heat
- thermal death time - decimal reduction time
27
thermal death time
time required to kill all the bacteria in a particular culture at a specified time
28
decimal reduction time
length of time needed to kill 90% of the organisms in a given population at a specified temperature
29
what are the 4 types of chemical agents
- disinfectants - antiseptics - sanitizer - germicide
30
disinfectants
chemical agents that are typically applied to inanimate objects
31
antiseptics
chemical agents that are typically applied to living tissue
32
sanitizer
a chemical agent typically used on food-handling equipment and eating utensils to reduce bacterial numbers
33
germicide
- an agent capable of killing microbes rapidly - some agents effectively kill certain microorganism but only inhibit the growth of others
34
what are the 4 different types of classification of chemical agents
- bactericide - bacteriostatic - viricide - sporocide
35
bactericide
- an agent that kills bacteria - most of this agents does not kill spores
36
bacteriostatic
- an agent inhibits the growth of bacteria
37
viricide
an agent that inactivates viruses
38
sporocide
- an agent that kills bacterial endospores or fungal spores
39
Antibiotics
chemical substance produced by microorganisms which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of bacteria and even destroy bacteria and other microorganisms in dilute solution
40
synthetics
agents synthesized in the laboratory
41
semi-synthetics
antimicrobials agents made party by laboratory synthesis and partly by microorganisms
42
the 5 targets for bacteria
- inhibition of cell wall synthesis - disruption of cell membrane function - inhibition of protein synthesis - effects on nucleic acids - action as antimetabolite
43
inhibition of cell wall synthesis
- rigid external cell walls - without them, cells can burst due to internal osmotic pressure - antibiotics in this group contain a chemical structure called B-lactam ring which attaches to the enzyme that cross-link peptidoglycans therefore preventing cell wall synthesis - certain dyes can interfere with cell wall formation
44
disruption of cell wall function
- all cells are bounded by a membrane - binds to phospholipids in the membrane - effective against gram- - membranes contain proteins that can be altered - membranes contain lipids and there are chemicals agents that dissolve lipids - chemical agents can affect the surface of the membrane and reduce surface tension
45
inhibition of protein synthesis
- DNA, RNA, ribosomes - aminoglycoside act on the bottom portion of bacterial ribosomes by interfering with the accurate reading of mRNA therefore incorporates the wrong amino acid - others act on the top of the bacterial ribosomes inhibiting the formation of the growing peptide - alterations of protein structure is called denaturation - any agent that affect proteins, prevents the cell from carrying out their normal functions
46
inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
- there are differences between the bacteria and animal enzymes used to synthesize nucleic acids - alkylating agents can replace hydrogen on amino or alcohol groups in nucleic acids
47
actions as antimetabolite
- stop the normal function of metabolism
48
target for virus
- need to be inactivated either by destroying their nucleic acid or their proteins - altering DNA - denaturing proteins - sometimes remain infective even after their proteins are denatured
49
target for fungi
- fungi are eukaryotics - antifungal treatment often caused toxic side effects - affect cell membrane and cell wall
50
target for protozan
- target: protein - use to control parasites - unpleasant side effects because it is eukaryotic - some toxic
51
target for worm
- used to treat parasitic worms - eukaryotic - side effects include fetal damage, affect human nervous system and cause convulsions
52
acids
- class of antimicrobial - target: protein - lower pH and denatures protein - food preservation
53
alkalis
- class of antimicrobial - target: protein - raises pH and denatures protein - found in soap
54
alcohols
- class of antimicrobial - target: protein - cause protein to denature when mixed with water - isopropyl alcohol is used to disinfect skin - some used in aerosols
55
dyes
- class of antimicrobial - target: interfere with replication or blocks cell wall synthesis - used to clean wounds and infections
56
pasteurization
- class of antimicrobial - target: denatures protein by changing temperatures of solution - kills pathogens in milk, dairy products and beer

Microbiology (10-14) (5 decks)

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