Chapter 11

Question 1

gene transfer

Answer 1

movement of genetic information between organisms

Question 2

eukaryotic gene transfer

Answer 2

• vertical gene transfer (parent to offspring)
• the movement of genetic information between two organisms is an essential part of life cycle and usually occurs by sexual reproduction

Question 3

prokaryotic gene transfer vertical

Answer 3

• when genes are passed from parents to offspring
• binary fission
• the movement of genetic information between two organisms is not essential since organisms divide by binary fission

Question 4

prokaryotic gene transfer horizontal

Answer 4

• when genes are passed to other organisms of their same generation
• one is a donor and one is a recipient
• when it happens its known as recombination and it is the combination of genes from a donor cell to a recipient cell

Question 5

advantages of genetic diversity

Answer 5

• evolution not extinction
• selective pressure
• gene pools

Question 6

selective pressure

Answer 6

organisms with genes that allow them to adapt to an environment survive and reproduce, whereas organisms lacking those genes will perish

Question 7

gene pools

Answer 7

• gene transfer is significant because it greatly increases the genetic diversity
• a problem for individuals that’s re clone from each other since all organism are identical

Question 8

3 ways microbe can accomplish horizontal gene transfer

Answer 8

• transformation
• conjugation
• transduction

Question 9

transformation

Answer 9

• 2 cells, one alive one dead
• DNA from the environment
• cells must be competent
• frequently used in labs to modify genomes
• this contributes to genetic diversity in nature

Question 10

conjugation

Answer 10

• needs two cells that are alive (close to each other to form pili)
• DNA from another cell
• transfers much larger quantities of DNA
• transfer of the F plasmid from F+ (donor) to F- (recipient)
• genetic variation
• replacement of damaged genes

Question 11

transduction

Answer 11

• DNA from another cell using viruses
• 2 cells that are alive, one virus
• they infect bacterial cells and reproduce with them
• transfer of bacterial DNA
• close evolutionary relationship
• prophage can exist for long periods of time inside the cell
• sharing different host DNA

Question 12

specialized transduction

Answer 12

• transfer of a few specific bacterial genes to a new specific site on a new bacterium using virus
• some viruses are defective and carry bacterial DNA in addition to phage DNA
• this DNA belongs only to a few specific genes near the site of infection

Question 13

generalized transduction

Answer 13

• segment of DNA is transferred from a bacteria cell to a new bacterium
• as DNA is being packed to make new viruses, the head might mistakenly packed bacterial DNA
• the new bacterium gets the DNA mistakenly packed and introduces into its chromosomes

Question 14

plasmid types

Answer 14

• (F) fertility
• (R) resistance (antibiotic resistance)
• Bacteriocin (growth inhibiting proteins)
• Virulence (makes recipient virulent)
• TI tumor inducing
• novel catabolism plasmids

Question 15

genetic engineering