Chapter 10

Question 1

aerobic

Answer 1

Requiring oxygen for growth or survival. (e.g., Many bacteria in your lungs are aerobic.)

Question 2

aerotaxis:

Answer 2

Movement of an organism in response to oxygen concentration, typically toward a higher concentration.

Question 3

anaerobe, anaerobic

Answer 3

Not requiring oxygen for growth or survival; in some cases, oxygen is toxic. (e.g., Some bacteria in deep soil are anaerobic.)

Question 4

bacillus (bacilli, plural):

Answer 4

A rod-shaped bacterium. (e.g., Bacillus subtilis is a common soil bacterium.)

Question 5

barophile

Answer 5

An organism that thrives under high pressure. (e.g., Bacteria found in deep ocean trenches.)

Question 6

Bt toxin gene:

Answer 6

A gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that encodes a protein toxic to insects, used in genetically modified crops.

Question 7

binary fission:

Answer 7

A method of asexual reproduction in which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells. (e.g., How bacteria reproduce.)

Question 8

biofilm

Answer 8

A community of microorganisms that are attached to a surface and encased in a matrix they produce. (e.g., Plaque on teeth.)

Question 9

bioremediation:

Answer 9

The use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment. (e.g., Using bacteria to clean up oil spills.)

Question 10

cell wall:

Answer 10

A rigid layer outside the plasma membrane of plant, fungal, and bacterial cells that provides structural support

Question 11

chemotaxis:

Answer 11

Movement of an organism in response to a chemical gradient, typically toward a higher concentration of an attractant or lower concentration of a repellent.

Question 12

coccus (cocci, plural):

Answer 12

A spherical bacterium. (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus.)

Question 13

denature:

Answer 13

To change the shape of a protein or other macromolecule, usually by heat, pH, or chemicals, resulting in loss of function.

Question 14

diffusion:

Answer 14

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 15

extremophile:

Answer 15

An organism that thrives in extreme environments, such as high temperature, high pressure, or high salinity.

Question 16

facultative (anaerobe)

Answer 16

An organism that can grow with or without oxygen.

Question 17

gram staining, gram negative, gram positive:

Answer 17

A technique used to classify bacteria based on cell wall structure. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and stain purple; gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, and stain pink

Question 18

hyperthermophile:

Answer 18

An organism that thrives in extremely high temperatures. (e.g., Archaea in hot springs.)

Question 19

latent

Answer 19

Present but not active or visible; dormant. (e.g., A latent viral infection.)

Question 20

legume:

Answer 20

A plant of the pea family, typically with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules. (e.g., Soybeans, peas.)

Question 21

lysed cell:

Answer 21

A cell that has been ruptured or broken down.

Question 22

MRSA [methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]:

Answer 22

A strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to many antibiotics.

Question 23

nitrogen fixation:

Answer 23

The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas into a usable form, such as ammonia, by certain bacteria

Question 24

nitrogenase:

Answer 24

An enzyme used by nitrogen-fixing bacteria to catalyze nitrogen fixation.

Question 25

obligate:

Answer 25

Restricted to a particular condition or mode of life. (e.g., Obligate aerobes require oxygen.

Question 26

outer membrane:

Answer 26

A lipid bilayer found outside the peptidoglycan layer in gram-negative bacteria.

Question 27

-phile, -philic:

Answer 27

uffixes indicating a preference for a particular condition. (e.g., Thermophile = heat-loving.)

Question 28

phototaxis:

Answer 28

Movement of an organism in response to light

Question 29

plasmid:

Answer 29

A small, circular piece of DNA separate from the bacterial chromosome.

Question 30

rhizobacteria:

Answer 30

Bacteria that live in or around plant roots.

Question 31

-rhizo:

Answer 31

Relating to roots

Question 32

staph:

Answer 32

Short for Staphylococcus, a genus of bacteria.

Question 33

thermophile:

Answer 33

An organism that thrives in high temperatures.

Question 34

viable:

Answer 34

Capable of living or developing.

Question 35

virulence

Answer 35

The degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism; its ability to cause disease

Question 36

virus:

Answer 36

A microscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.

Question 37

antibiotic

Answer 37

A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria.

Question 38

Archaea:

Answer 38

One of the three domains of life; prokaryotic organisms distinct from bacteria.

Question 39

auto

Answer 39

Self.

Question 40

autotroph, autotrophic:

Answer 40

An organism that produces its own food using light or chemical energy.

Question 41

Bacteria:

Answer 41

One of the three domains of life; prokaryotic organisms distinct from archaea

Question 42

carbon

Answer 42

An essential element for all living organisms

Question 43

chemical bonds:

Answer 43

Forces that hold atoms together to form molecules

Question 44

chemo-

Answer 44

Relating to chemicals

Question 45

cyanobacteria:

Answer 45

Photosynthetic bacteria that produce oxygen.

Question 46

DNA not in membranous sac

Answer 46

Refers to the characteristic of prokaryotes, whose DNA is not enclosed within a nucleus.

Question 47

Eukarya:

Answer 47

One of the three domains of life; organisms with cells that have a nucleus.

Question 48

eukaryote

Answer 48

An organism with cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Question 49

fix nitrogen:

Answer 49

To convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form

Question 50

flagellum (flagella, plural):

Answer 50

A whip-like appendage used for locomotion.

Question 51

fungi:

Answer 51

A kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms

Question 52

hetero

Answer 52

Other, different

Question 53

heterotroph, heterotrophic:

Answer 53

An organism that obtains its food from other organisms

Question 54

human blood clotting (coagulation) protein:

Answer 54

Proteins that participate in the process of blood clotting.

Question 55

human growth hormone:

Answer 55

A protein hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction.

Question 56

insulin:

Answer 56

A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.

Question 57

knockout:

Answer 57

A gene that has been inactivated or deleted.

Question 58

plastid:

Answer 58

Membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells, such as chloroplasts.

Question 59

troph

Answer 59

Relating to nutrition.

Question 60

virus:

Answer 60

A microscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.