Chapter 7

Question 1

1n, 2n, 3n, 4n, 5n, 6n, 7n

Answer 1

Indicate the number of chromosome sets in an organism:

1n (haploid) – A single set of chromosomes (e.g., gametes like sperm and egg).
2n (diploid) – Two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent, common in most animals and plants).
3n, 4n, 5n, etc. (polyploidy) – More than two sets of chromosomes, often found in plants.

Question 2

Allopolyploid

Answer 2

An organism with multiple sets of chromosomes from different species, often resulting from hybridization.

Question 3

Allohexaploid

Answer 3

An organism with six sets of chromosomes from different species (e.g., wheat).

Question 4

Autopolyploid

Answer 4

An organism with multiple sets of chromosomes from the same species, usually due to errors in cell division

Question 5

Allotriploid, Allotetraploid, Allopentaploid, etc

Answer 5

Hybrid organisms with 3, 4, or 5 sets of chromosomes from different species.

Question 6

Autotriploid, Autotetraploid, Autopentaploid, etc.

Answer 6

Organisms with 3, 4, or 5 sets of chromosomes from the same species.

Question 7

Chromosome fusion

Answer 7

The joining of two chromosomes into one, altering the chromosome number in a species.

Question 8

Fertile

Answer 8

Capable of producing offspring.

Question 9

Fertilization

Answer 9

The fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote.

Question 10

Galápagos finches

Answer 10

A famous example of adaptive radiation and evolution, where different species evolved from a common ancestor due to geographic and ecological barriers.

Question 11

Geographic barrier

Answer 11

A physical barrier (e.g., mountains, rivers, oceans) that prevents populations from interbreeding, leading to speciation.

Question 12

Habitat

Answer 12

The natural environment where a species lives.

Question 13

Hybrid

Answer 13

Offspring resulting from the crossbreeding of two different species.

Question 14

Hybridization

Answer 14

The process of producing hybrids, often leading to sterility or reduced fitness.

Question 15

Hybrid zone

Answer 15

A region where interbreeding occurs between two species, often producing hybrid offspring.

Question 16

Mare

Answer 16

A female horse; can breed with a donkey to produce a mule.

Question 17

Mule

Answer 17

A sterile hybrid offspring of a horse (mare) and a donkey.

Question 18

Parent species

Answer 18

The original species that contribute genetic material in hybridization

Question 19

Parental generation

Answer 19

The first generation in a genetic cross (P generation).

Question 20

Prezygotic barrier

Answer 20

A reproductive barrier that prevents fertilization (e.g., temporal, behavioral, mechanical barriers).

Question 21

Reproductive isolation

Answer 21

The inability of species to interbreed, leading to speciation

Question 22

Sterile ≈ Infertile

Answer 22

Unable to produce viable offspring (e.g., mules).

Question 23

Temporal

Answer 23

Related to time; in reproductive isolation, species may mate at different times of the year or day.

Question 24

Viable

Answer 24

Capable of surviving and reproducing.

Question 25

Zygote

Answer 25

The fertilized egg, formed by the fusion of sperm and egg.

Question 26

Artificial selection

Answer 26

Human-driven breeding to enhance specific traits in plants or animals

Question 27

Asexual

Answer 27

A type of reproduction where offspring are genetically identical to the parent, without gamete fusion.

Question 28

Biological species

Answer 28

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Question 29

Birds

Answer 29

A class of animals, including Galápagos finches, often studied in evolutionary biology

Question 30

Beaks

Answer 30

The feeding structures in birds, showing adaptation in species like Darwin’s finches.

Question 31

Chromosomes

Answer 31

Structures made of DNA that carry genetic information.

Question 32

Differentiation

Answer 32

The process where cells develop into specialized types.

Question 33

Diploid

Answer 33

An organism or cell with two sets of chromosomes (2n).

Question 34

Drift (Genetic drift)

Answer 34

Random changes in allele frequencies in small populations.

Question 35

Fusing

Answer 35

The merging of genetic material, such as in chromosome fusion.

Question 36

Gamete

Answer 36

A reproductive cell (sperm or egg) carrying half the genetic material (1n).

Question 37

Gene flow

Answer 37

The movement of alleles between populations, increasing genetic diversity.

Question 38

Haploid

Answer 38

A cell with a single set of chromosomes (1n).

Question 39

Interbreed

Answer 39

To reproduce between members of the same or different populations or species.

Question 40

Mainland

Answer 40

The larger landmass from which island populations may originate.

Question 41

Meiosis

Answer 41

The type of cell division that produces haploid gametes

Question 42

Mitosis

Answer 42

The process of cell division that creates identical diploid cells.

Question 43

Morphology

Answer 43

The physical structure and form of organisms.

Question 44

Mutation

Answer 44

A change in DNA that introduces new genetic variation.

Question 45

Morphospecies

Answer 45

A species defined by physical characteristics rather than genetic or reproductive traits.

Question 46

Natural selection –

Answer 46

The process where organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more successfully.

Question 47

Plant

Answer 47

An organism in the kingdom Plantae, often exhibiting polyploidy.

Question 48

Polyploid

Answer 48

An organism with more than two sets of chromosomes (e.g., 3n, 4n, etc.)

Question 49

Population

Answer 49

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area

Question 50

Random genetic drift

Answer 50

The random fluctuation of allele frequencies, especially in small populations

Question 51

Replicates

Answer 51

Copies or repeated trials in an experiment

Question 52

Same

Answer 52

Could refer to genetic similarity in populations.

Question 53

Speciation

Answer 53

The formation of new species due to reproductive isolation and genetic divergence.

Question 54

Taxa (singular: taxon)

Answer 54

A classification group in biological taxonomy (e.g., species, genus, family).

Question 55

Tetraploid

Answer 55

An organism with four sets of chromosomes (4n)

Question 56

Triploid

Answer 56

An organism with three sets of chromosomes (3n)

Question 57

Volcanoes

Answer 57

Geologic features that can create new habitats and drive evolutionary changes (e.g., Galápagos Islands).

Question 58

Zygote

Answer 58

The fertilized cell formed after sperm and egg fusion