Chapter 10 Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
Early methods of birth control
A
- Infanticide used when pregnancy occurred when it was not optimal
- Withdrawal common for millennia
2
Q
History of condoms
A
- Long history, potentially dating to 11,000 years ago, when cave paintings potentially showed condoms
- 1000 BC: linin sheath, oil silk paper, goats’ bladders
- 1600s: animal intestines, widely available, expensive
- became widely available in late 1800s
3
Q
History of diaphragms
A
- Barriers that cover cervix
- Originally natural objects, like half squeezed lemon
- 1880s, artificial diaphragms invented
- Most common contraception used by women until 1960s
4
Q
When was birth control legalized?
A
1972
5
Q
Margaret Sanger
A
- Major activist that pushed for legalization of birth control
- Worked as a nurse in the poor areas of NYC and realized that “crushing economic and health burden” that unplanned pregnancies had on poor women
- Campaigned to legalize contraception during early 20th century
6
Q
What percent of women use contraception?
A
90%
7
Q
What percent of pregnancies are unplanned?
A
- 50%
- About half of unwanted pregnancies occur because of contraceptive failure
8
Q
Contraceptive mandate
A
Obamacare required insurance to cover contraceptive drugs and devices
- Trump got rid of mandate
- Biden reinstated mandate
- Health plans sponsored by certain exempt religious employers, like churches and other houses of worship, don’t have to cover contraceptive methods
9
Q
What percent of births are planned?
A
55%
10
Q
What percent of births end in a miscarriage?
A
10-20%
11
Q
What percent of births end in abortion?
A
42%
12
Q
Perfect use failure rate
A
Percent of women using a contraceptive technique correctly who will become pregnant in the course of one year
13
Q
Typical use failure rate
A
Percent of women using a contraceptive technique with a typical degree of care who will become pregnant in the course of one year
14
Q
Male condom use rates
A
- Perfect: 2%
- Typical: 15%
15
Q
Female condom use rates
A
- Perfect: 5%
- Typical: 21%
16
Q
Fertility awareness use rates
A
- Perfect: 1-9%
- Typical: 25%
17
Q
Withdrawal use failure rates
A
- Perfect: 4%
- Typical: 27%
18
Q
Things to be considered when deciding on a form of contraception
A
- Reliability
- STI protection
- Safety
- Reversibility
- Ease of use
- Cost
- Who is in control
19
Q
Condoms
A
Sheath placed over penis
- Prevents pregnancy
- One of only a couple of methods that can prevent STIs
20
Q
How effective are condoms?
A
98%
21
Q
Different kinds of condoms
A
- Non-latex polyurethan or polyisoprene
- Natural condoms do not prevents HIV and other STIs
22
Q
Cons of condoms
A
- 33% of men may experience erection difficulties with condoms
- Different condoms have different fits
23
Q
Effects of spermicides
A
Can cause irritation and shorten shelf life of condoms
24
Q
Putting on a condom properly
A
- Open the package
- Roll the condom down to the base of the penis
- After sex but before pulling out, hold the condom at the base, then pull out, while holding the condom in place
- Carefully remove the condom and throw it in the trash
25
Should you flush a condom down the toilet?
No, it will clog it
26
Uncircumcised men and condoms
May have more difficulty putting on a condom or wearing one comfortably
27
Female condom
- Inserted into vagina
- Inserted before start of sex
- Pro: protects against STIs
- Con: must be held in place or it can be drawn into vagina
- Typical use failure rate: 21%
28
Diaphragms
- Prevents sperm from entering cervix
- Must be used with spermicide
- Insert ahead of time and leave for at least 6 hours
- Provides much less disease protection compared to condoms
- Typical use failure rate: 18-20%
29
Cervical caps
- Smaller than diaphragm, suctions to cervix
- Pros: hormone free, reusable, no interruption of sex, can be used for up to 48 hours, suitable for breastfeeding
- Cons: requires a prescription, can be difficult to insert, may not be affective against all STIs, requires spermicide, can increase risk of urinary tract infections, may not be suitable for women who have given birth vaginally, can be uncomfortable
- Typical use failure rate: 20%
30
How does an IUD work?
- Device placed in uterus to prevent pregnancy
- How they work not fully understood, but may cause low grade inflammation that interferes with sperm transport
31
Types of IUDs
- Non-hormonal
- Hormonal
32
Advantages of IUDs
- Very low failure rate
- Convenient, non-intrusive
33
Disadvantages of IUDs
- High up front cost
- No STI protection
34
IUD use rates
- Perfect: 0.2-0.6%
- Typical: 0.2-0.8%
35
How does the pill work?
- Contains either estrogen and progestin, or progestin only
- Many types, including constant dose and combination pills
- Prevents ovulation and also make cervical fluid thick and unfriendly toward sperm
36
Advantages of the pill
- Very reliable with perfect use
- Convenient
- Easily reversible
37
Disadvantages of the pill
- No protection against STIs
- Need to be taken regularly
- Side effects including nausea, irregular bleeding, emotional lability, depression
- May reduce interest in sex, ability to reach orgasm, and amount of lubrication
- Certain conditions may put a woman at increased risk of a problem
- Can alter effectiveness of certain medications, so tell your doctor if you are on them
38
How must the pill be taken to be effective?
Same time every day
39
Depo-Provera injection
- May stop periods while on it
- Lasts 3 months
- Not easily reversed, wait three months for fertility to return
40
Transdermal patches
Last one week
41
Vaginal rings
- Last 3 weeks
- Can slip out
42
Implants
- 2 years
- Must see doctor
43
What is emergency contraception?
- Use of high dose contraceptives to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex
- In one type (Plan B), a dose of progestin prevents ovulation, reducing the likelihood of pregnancy by 60%-90%
- Less effective in heavy women
44
When can emergency contraception be used?
- Buy some ahead of time because they must be taken within 3-5 days depending on type
- Available and pharmacies, no Rx
45
Reasons for seeking out an abortion
- 18% of established pregnancies end in abortion in the US
- Rate of abortion dropping steadily over last 30 years
- Young, single women are the most likely to have an abortion
46
Views of people of circumstances when abortions should be legal
- Legal in most cases: 38%
- Legal in all cases: 27%
- Illegal in most cases: 26%
- Illegal in all cases: 12%
- Don't know: 1%
47
Views of people of when abortions should be permitted
- 1st trimester only: 33%
- Never: 31%
- 1st and 2nd trimesters only: 20%
- Any trimester: 14%
- Don't know: 2%
48
How do states differ with regard to laws favoring/opposing abortion?
- Some states have completely outlawed abortion or severely restricted it
- Many states have mandatory waiting periods and mandatory counseling that includes misleading, disputed, or incorrect information
- Some states require parental consent for minors seeking abortion
49
Pregnancy crisis centers
- Use deceptive tactics to get pregnant women in and then not get abortion
- Provide pregnancy-related services and support, but do not offer referrals for those services
- Exist to keep women from having abortions
- They may misinform and intimidate women
