chapter 10

Question 1

makes tons of copies of a particular target DNA sequence in a very short time

Answer 1

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

Question 2

what does PCR require?

Answer 2

DNA sequence to be copied, free nucleotides, primers, enzyme polymerase (TAQ)

Question 3

why is TAQ named after this>

Answer 3

it comes from a thermos aquatics, its a thermofile (hotsprings)

Question 4

figure out the order of the nucleotides in DNA

Answer 4

DNA sequence

Question 5

order/organization of all of the nucleotides of an organisms entire DNA

Answer 5

genome

Question 6

what percent of our DNA is shared with everyone? what percent is different

Answer 6

99%, 1%

Question 7

how is DNA sequencing done?

Answer 7

DNA–> PCR(clone)—>lots of DNA copies—>cut into pieces/restricting enzyme–>lots of diff. fragments of DNA–>gel electrophessis

Question 8

enzyme that acts as a DNA molecule at a specific sequence of bases

Answer 8

restriction enzyme

Question 9

difference on the rates of movement of those fragments primarily on size and change, smaller fragments move faster and further while larger fragments move slower and not as far

Answer 9

gel elecrophesis

Question 10

what does SNAPs effect?

Answer 10

human health on gene APOE that codes for lipoprotein that caries cholesterol and fat in the blood stream

Question 11

what percent of the population has SNAP?

Answer 11

25%, cytosine replaces thymine @ nucleotide 4874

Question 12

people who have SNAP are likely to develop what?

Answer 12

altihzmers

Question 13

before birth screen that can detect over 30 conditions

Answer 13

prenatal genetic screening

Question 14

removal of cells from the coroin has risks of problems with formation, missing fingers/toes,

Answer 14

CVS (coroinic villi sampeling)

Question 15

sample of amiotic fluid no increased risk of miscarrage

Answer 15

amniocentesis

Question 16

imaging, sound waves impulsed inside uterius, 2-10% chance of miscarrage

Answer 16

fetoscopy

Question 17

enzymes that cut DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence when they cut DNA results in “sticky ends”

Answer 17

restriction enzymes

Question 18

who discovered sticky ends?

Answer 18

arbor and smith by studying bacteria and some was resistant to infection by a virus, bacteria was producing restriction enzymes

Question 19

what are viruses?

Answer 19

nucleic acid surrounded by a coat of a protein

Question 20

DNA from two+ different sources that is basically cut and pasted together

Answer 20

recombination DNA

Question 21

DNA is duplicated in living cells (usually in bacteria)

Answer 21

DNA cloning

Question 22

how many chromosomes does bacteria have?

Answer 22

1

Question 23

plasma used as DNA molecules that are used to carry DNA into a host cell

Answer 23

cloning vectors

Question 24

“catalog” of an organisms entire genome

Answer 24

DNA libraries

Question 25

artificially constructed fragment of DNA/RNA labeled with tracers

Answer 25

probes

Question 26

what can probes help with?

Answer 26

help find where a particular DNA sequence occurs

Question 27

using DNA to identify individuals

Answer 27

DNA profiling

Question 28

what are SNAP chips?

Answer 28

plates of glass stamped with various DNA sequences

Question 29

explain the process of SNAP chips washing over?

Answer 29

genomic DNA washed over chips hybrodize with DNA on plate where they are complementary and can use probes to locate various regions where DNA hybrodizes

Question 30

dileberate modification of an organisms genome

Answer 30

genetic engineering

Question 31

organism has their own genes altered or genes inserted from the same species

Answer 31

GMO

Question 32

has genes from other species inserted in genome

Answer 32

transgenetic organism

Question 33

what are the two main groups of transgenetic organisms?

Answer 33

yeast, bacteria

Question 34

what are types of GM bacteria that is useful?

Answer 34

e coli (insulin), chymotrypsin (cheese production)

Question 35

where did chymotrypsin used to be obtained from?

Answer 35

stomach of calfs

Question 36

crops with genes from other species

Answer 36

transgenic crops

Question 37

how are transgenic crops produced?

Answer 37

electric shock, chemical shock, blasting with microscopic DNA pellets

Question 38

what does normal agrobacterium tumefacticians (AT) produce?

Answer 38

develop tumors result of TI plasmid

Question 39

what does GM AT produce?

Answer 39

TI plasmid removed and replaced with other genes

Question 40

what effects crops?

Answer 40

pests, drought, frost, weeds

Question 41

how do pests effect crops?

Answer 41

bacillus thurengitis (bt) produces protein product that is toxic to some organisms

Question 42

some crops are resistant to herbicides? T or F

Answer 42

true

Question 43

why do we modify crops?

Answer 43

to increase nutrition value

Question 44

what are biotene products we get from bacteria?

Answer 44

insulin, cyrotriphin, HGH, clotting factors, oil spill cleanups

Question 45

explain transgenetic animals

Answer 45

egg cells are extracted from a donor taken genes and inject into the egg and inject into the host egg. if it fertilizes it becomes a transgenetic animal

Question 46

transplantation of organs from one species to another

Answer 46

xenotransplantation -typically rejected, can serve as potential source for organs

Question 47

normal/modified gene is transferred to an individual to treat a disorder caused by a faulty version of gene, uses lipid clusters also using genetically engineered viruses

Answer 47

gene therapy

Question 48

what are problems with genetically engineered viruses?

Answer 48

disrups gene function, cancer, allergic rxn

Question 49

idea of diliberatly improving human race by selecting the most "disirable" traits

Answer 49

eugenics