chapter 11

Question 1

study of geographical distribution of species

Answer 1

biogeography

Question 2

study of external structure/forms

Answer 2

morphology

Question 3

body part that is reduced in size and function in a particular organism but has a larger size and important function in other organisms

Answer 3

vestigial structure

Question 4

what was the theory that organisms change by their own efforts? who created that theory?

Answer 4

outdated theory of evolution, jean baptiste lamarck

Question 5

inherited characteristics that enhances an organisms fitness

Answer 5

adaptation

Question 6

ability of an organism to reproduce and produce viable offspring that can produce more offspring also a measure of reproductive success

Answer 6

fitness

Question 7

do adaptations have to be just physical adaptations?

Answer 7

no

Question 8

what can adaptations be?

Answer 8

morphological (body shape), physiciological, behavioral

Question 9

change in characteristics of populations, inheritable changes involving DNA, change in allele frequencies in a population between generations

Answer 9

evolution

Question 10

who wrote principles of geology-theory of uniformatity (aka small changes over a long period of time result in huge changes)

Answer 10

charles lynell

Question 11

who said human populations grow at a unstable rate

Answer 11

thomas mathess

Question 12

what are the requirements for evolution by natural selection?

Answer 12

population grows a unstable rate, phenotopic variation, some variation is heritable, individuals vary in # of offspring,

Question 13

rare event—> fossil record will always be incomplete

Answer 13

fossilization

Question 14

T or F? fossils usually form animals with hard bones or hard body parts

Answer 14

True

Question 15

use radioisotopes to determine the age of fossil

Answer 15

radiometric dating

Question 16

what is the half life for c14?

Answer 16

5,730 years

Question 17

average time it takes half of radioisotopes atoms to decay to produce a stable daughter atom

Answer 17

half life

Question 18

how old is earth approx?

Answer 18

4.6 billion years, earliest life is about 3.8 billion years ago

Question 19

what eon had the most diversification?

Answer 19

phanerozoic eon

Question 20

which is the oldest era? also known as “age of trilabites”

Answer 20

paleozoic era 542–251 mya

Question 21

middle era? known as “age of reptiles”

Answer 21

meisozoic era

Question 22

last era? known as “age of mammals”

Answer 22

cenazoic

Question 23

name the eras in order

Answer 23

paleozoic, meisozoic, cenazoic

Question 24

period that involved first non-vascular land plants and extension of 60% of marine life (jawless fish)

Answer 24

ordovician

Question 25

period that first jawed fish show up, first vascular land plants, and first testimonial food webs

Answer 25

silurian period

Question 26

period that formed gandwanaland, coral reefs, and extension of trilobites and jawless fish

Answer 26

divonian

Question 27

period where pangea formed, conniferous and reptiles diversify

Answer 27

permian

Question 28

period where 90% of marine life and 70% terrestrial lifeis whipped out

Answer 28

permian extension

Question 29

period where dinosaurs show up and reptile diversification goes nuts

Answer 29

triassic

Question 30

period where pangea breaks up, modern sharks, first bird archeoterchiyx

Answer 30

jurrasic

Question 31

period with first dicidious trees and flowering plants and massive extension event where 50% all species killed and 100% of dinosaurs

Answer 31

cretacious

Question 32

rock layer contains a huge amount of ____ (in common mediorites ) also known as the K-T boundary

Answer 32

iridium anomaly

Question 33

period with first egg laying animals, odd toes ungulates, even toes ungulates, global cooling takes place and ice sheets formed @ poles

Answer 33

tertiary

Question 34

current period, multiple glacier events, and early animals(sabor tooth, wooly mammoth, etc)

Answer 34

quatenery

Question 35

whales apparently evolved from what?

Answer 35

even toed ungulate (ardrodactyls)

Question 36

traits that are similar in two or more organisms due to common ancestory

Answer 36

homologous traits

Question 37

what is the criteria to evaluate if it homologous?

Answer 37

same structure, same relationship/features, same patterns of development

Question 38

relatively unchanged form of a ancestorial trait

Answer 38

primitive traits

Question 39

modified version, shared traits offer evidence of recent common ancestry

Answer 39

derived traits

Question 40

trait that is similar between two or more groups of organisms but it does NOT reflect common ancestry often a result of converged evolution

Answer 40

analogous characters

Question 41

similar evolution due to similar selective pressures not common ancestry

Answer 41

convergent evolutions

Question 42

selective breeding of organisms

Answer 42

artificial selection