chapter 10

Question 1

define a solid

Answer 1

substances that consist of atoms, molecules, or ions held together rigidly in a definite way/shape

Question 2

define liquid

Answer 2

atoms, molecules, or ions held together less strongly, holding a changeable definite shape.

Question 3

define gases

Answer 3

atoms or molecules that have little attraction to one another and are free to move around

Question 4

What accounts for more than 99% of the dry air volume?

Answer 4

nitrogen and oxygen

Question 5

what form (liquid, solid, or gas) has uniform proportions?

Answer 5

gases

Question 6

what % of volume are the particles in gases?

Answer 6

0.1%

Question 7

what % of the volume are the particles in liquids/solids?

Answer 7

70%

Question 8

define pressure

Answer 8

(P) force exerted divided by per area unit

Question 9

define force

Answer 9

mass x acceleration

Question 10

pressure formula

Answer 10

mass x acceleration / per area unit

Question 11

define atmospheric pressure

Answer 11

mass of the air pressing down on earth’s surface

Question 12

define millimeter of mercury (torr)

Answer 12

atmospheric pressure using a mercury barometer

Question 13

what is a mercury barometer?

Answer 13

tube full of mercury, sealed at one side, pulls at gravity from the inside, to measure gas pressure.

Question 14

What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?

Answer 14

760mm Hg

Question 15

define bar

Answer 15

unit of pressure

Question 16

How is the relation of how much pressure is in the bulb compared to the amount of mercury

Answer 16

If there is a higher amount of mercury on the open side of the tube, then the pressure of the gas is higher than the atmospheric pressure. vise versa

Question 17

define gas laws

Answer 17

relationship between gas variables

Question 18

what are the gas variables

Answer 18

pressure, temperature, volume, amount

Question 19

what is the ideal gas

Answer 19

gas that follows gas law behaviors

Question 20

what is Boyle’s law

Answer 20

volume of the gas inversely varies with its pressure

Question 21

What is Charles law?

Answer 21

volume of the gas varies directly with the temperature

Question 22

What is Avogadro’s law?

Answer 22

volume ideally directly varies with molar amount

Question 23

What is standard molar volume?

Answer 23

1 mol of ideal gas volume

Question 24

what is the ideal gas law

Answer 24

Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, and Avogadro’s law all combined into one law

Question 25

What is the gas constant (R)

Answer 25

0.082058 J/(mol x K)

Question 26

What is standard temperature and pressure (STP)

Answer 26

When the pressure is always 1atm and 273.15 kelvin

Question 27

What is the issue with the ideal gas law

Answer 27

not all gases are perfectly similar and obey the laws perfectly. They're all a bit different

Question 28

What gas law is used to convert density measure to any temp at STP

Answer 28

ideal gas law

Question 29

mole fraction

Answer 29

number of moles in a component / total number of moles in a mixture

Question 30

Dalton's law of partial pressures

Answer 30

all the partial pressures are measure by their mole fraction multiplied with the pressure and added all together to find the whole pressure total

Question 31

What consists of the kinetic-molecular theory

Answer 31

- gas consists of many tiny moving particles - most volume is mostly open space - no attractive/ repulsive forces - have constant energy - average kinetic energy is proportionate to kelvin temp

Question 32

what law measures forcefulness of collisions. states smaller volume = smaller distance the particles can move and their frequency

Answer 32

Boyle's law

Question 33

what measures the average kinetic energy of particles

Answer 33

Kelvin temp

Question 34

What law states that if the temp increases, the faster the particles move and the volume must increase

Answer 34

Charles's law

Question 35

what law states that more particles in a sample, the more the volume should increase

Answer 35

Avogadro's law

Question 36

define diffusion

Answer 36

mixing of different molecules of random motion with frequent collisions

Question 37

define effusion

Answer 37

gas molecules escape without collisions through a tiny hole into a vacuum.

Question 38

What is graham's law

Answer 38

rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its mass. Lighter the molecule, the faster it effuses.

Question 39

different gases at the same temp have what same characteristic

Answer 39

the have the same kinetic energy

Question 40

What is the van dev waals equation

Answer 40

a modification of the ideal gas law

Question 41

what are primary pollutants

Answer 41

those that enter the environment directly from a industrial emission source

Question 42

secondary pollutant

Answer 42

formed by chemical reaction of primary pollutants, not directly emitted

Question 43

which region of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?

Answer 43

stratosphere

Question 44

what pollutants directly enter the environment from a source?

Answer 44

primary

Question 45

which pollutants are more toxic?

Answer 45

secondary

Question 46

what pollutants do not show synergism?

Answer 46

primary

Question 47

what air pollutants are primary?

Answer 47

So2 CO Pb particulate matter

Question 48

what pollutants are secondary?

Answer 48

O3 NO2 photochemical smog

Question 49

what substance has markedly increased due to use of fossil fuels and contributes to greenhouse effect?

Answer 49

CO2

Question 50

what greenhouse gas has the greatest concern from human activities?

Answer 50

nitrous oxide

Question 51

which gas of refrigeration and air conditioning is a source of greenhouse gases

Answer 51

SF6

Question 52

which is the principal cause of global warming?

Answer 52

greenhouse effect