Chapter 10

Question 1

social behaviors occur between who

Answer 1

members of same species

Question 2

selfishness

Answer 2

fitness benefit for donor, cost for recipient

Question 3

what type of animals are usually territorial?

Answer 3

mobile animals

Question 4

benefits of territoriality

Answer 4

protect resources (mates, space, food) and prevents fighting

Question 5

behaviors to prevent fighting

Answer 5

signal posting/spraying or ritualized aggression (growling)

Question 6

dominance

Answer 6

Relationship established through force or aggression of an individual who prefers access to one resource over another

Question 7

what type of behavior is dominance

Answer 7

selfish

Question 8

benefits of dominance

Answer 8

when living in groups is better, individual territories are impractical, prevents fighting

Question 9

tragedy of commons

Answer 9

resources are shared with others, individuals use more resources than they need, depleting them, overall bad for the group

Question 10

examples of tragedy of commons

Answer 10

humans: overfishing, deforestation, polluting air and water

Question 11

cooperation

Answer 11

benefit fitness of donor and recipient

Question 12

cooperation example

Answer 12

ox surround baby ox, baby is protected, adults increase successful reproduction

Question 13

cost/benefit of living in groups

Answer 13

decreases predation risk, but increase resources needed (more individuals to feed)

Question 14

natural selection favors what type of group sizes

Answer 14

sizes that balance cost and benefits

Question 15

why is cooperation and selfishness favored by natural selection?

Answer 15

cooperation and selfishness directly benefit individuals. fitness is how well an individual survives/reproduces

Question 16

altruism

Answer 16

benefits recipient, costs donor

“Selfless”

Question 17

what type of fitness can altruism not evolve on

Answer 17

direct fitness

Question 18

direct fitness

Answer 18

fitness by individual passing on copies of genes to offspring

Question 19

indirect fitness

Answer 19

The number of relatives produced multiplied by the degree of relatedness to those individuals (# of offspring reproduced by relatives)

Question 20

example kin selection?

Answer 20

coalition: related male turkeys walk together, female picks one, individual not picked helped the picked turkey by walking with it to make it appear better.

Question 21

inclusive fitness

Answer 21

sum of direct and indirect fitness

Question 22

kin selection

Answer 22

behavior that favors a relative to reproduce, so individual helps relative reproduce to pass on some of the individuals genes

Question 23

how does kin selection affect direct, indirect, and inclusive fitness

Answer 23

increases indirect fitness, decreases direct fitness, increases inclusive fitness

Question 24

why did kin selection evolve?

Answer 24

individuals and relatives share some genes from a common ancestor, so more of an individuals genes can be passed on through kin selection when direct fitness isn’t effective

Question 25

coefficient of relatedness (r)

Answer 25

likelihood two individuals share a genes; relatedness measurement

Question 26

steps to calculate coefficient of relatedness (r)

Answer 26

1. trace all paths of decent 2. multiply relatedness from direct line add relatedness from independent lines (# of steps = n) 3. add relatedness from independent lines

Question 27

calculate (r) for siblings

Answer 27

1. mom and dad each give 1/2 2. Brother and sister receive 1/2 Direct lines multiplied (1/2 mom * 1/2 dad) = 1/4 (1/2 mom * 1/2 dad) = 1/4 3. Independent lines added r=(1/4)+(1/4)=1/2

Question 28

indirect fitness benefits to a donor calculation

Answer 28

B x r B=how much fitness relative gains r=coefficient of relatedness

Question 29

what does C represent when talking about donor fitness

Answer 29

Direct fitness cost to donor - how much direct fitness is lost by helping a relative

Question 30

when should altruism evolve when talking about direct and indirect fitness

Answer 30

indirect fitness benefit is greater than the direct fitness cost

Question 31

will altruism occur if B x r > C

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

will altruism occur if B x r < C

Answer 32

no - direct fitness cost too high

Question 33

coalition of male turkeys: dominant coalition males produce 6 offspring subordinate coalition male produces no offspring subordinate alone produces 1 offspring relatedness coefficient = 0.42 is alone or coalition better for subordinate male?

Answer 33

B x r = C 6(0.42) = 1 2.42 > 1 coalition better

Question 34

eusocial insect characteristics

Answer 34

adults live together, cooperation in nest building and offspring care, reproductive dominance, overlapping generations

Question 35

what type of behavior is in eusocial insects

Answer 35

altruism